(KDD 2025) BatteryLife

This is the official repository for BatteryLife: A Comprehensive Dataset and Benchmark for Battery Life Prediction. If you find this repository useful, we would appreciate citations to our paper and stars to this repository.

:triangular_flag_on_post: News (2026.04) BatteryLife v11 is now released, with fixes for some reported issues. Please see the update details for more information.

:triangular_flag_on_post: News (2026.02) BatteryLife has exceeded 30,000 downloads. BatteryLife v10 is now released, with fixes for issues reported over the past year (update details are available here). We sincerely appreciate the support from the community.

:triangular_flag_on_post:News (2025.10) Added the standardized SDU dataset to BatteryLife. Corrected the time_in_s column for all batteries.

🔥News (2025.08) BatteryLife downloads exceed 10,000.

🔥News (2025.07) BatteryLife downloads exceed 7,000.

🔥News (2025.06) BatteryLife downloads exceed 5,000.

:triangular_flag_on_post:News (2025.06) Added the complete Stanford dataset as "Stanford_2" (now including both releases of the Stanford dataset).

:triangular_flag_on_post:News (2025.05) BatteryLife was accpeted by KDD 2025.

🔥News (2025.05) BatteryLife downloads exceed 3,000. ​

:triangular_flag_on_post:News (2025.02) BatteryLife was released!

Highlights

(Data statistics are based on the initial release of BatteryLife.)

• The largest battery life dataset: BatteryLife is created by integrating 16 datasets, providing 99,000 samples from 990 batteries with life labels.
• The most diverse battery life dataset: BatteryLife contains 8 battery formats, 59 chemical systems, 9 operation temperatures, and 421 charge/discharge protocols.
• A comprehensive benchmark for battery life prediction: BatteryLife provides 18 benchmark methods with open-source codes in this repository. The 18 benchmark methods include popular methods for battery life prediction, popular baselines in time series analysis, and a series of baselines proposed by this work.

Data availability

The processed datasets can be accessed via multiple ways:

1. You can download the datasets from Huggingface [tutorial].
2. You can download the datasets from Zenodo.

Note that brief introductions to each dataset are available under the directory of each dataset.

All the raw datasets are publicly available, interested users can download them from the following links:

• Zn-ion, Na-ion, and CALB datasets: Zenodo link Huggingface link [tutorial]
• CALCE: link
• MATR: Three batches and Batch 9
• HUST: link
• RWTH: link
• ISU_ILCC: link
• XJTU: link
• Tongji: link
• Stanford: link
• HNEI, SNL, MICH, MICH_EXP and UL_PUR datasets: BatteryArchive.
• SDU dataset: link.

Benchmark results of Battery Life Prediction (BLP) task

The benchmark result for battery life prediction. The comparison methods are split into five types, including

1. Dummy, a baseline that uses the mean of training labels as the prediction.
2. MLPs, a series of multilayer perceptron models including DLinear, MLP, and CPMLP.
3. Transformers, a series of transformer models including PatchTST, Autoformer, iTransformer, Transformer, and CPTransformer.
4. CNNs, a series of convolutional neural network models including CNN and MICN.
5. RNNs, a series of recurrent neural network models including CPGRU, CPBiGRU, CPLSTM, CPBiLSTM, GRU, BiGRU, LSTM, and BiLSTM.

Datasets	Li-ion	Li-ion	Zn-ion	Zn-ion	Na-ion	Na-ion	CALB	CALB
Metrics	MAPE	15%-Acc	MAPE	15%-Acc	MAPE	15%-Acc	MAPE	15%-Acc
Dummy	0.831±0.000	0.296±0.000	1.297±0.214	0.083±0.047	0.404±0.029	0.067±0.094	1.811±0.550	0.267±0.094
DLinear	0.586±0.028	0.275±0.017	0.814±0.026	0.124±0.020	0.319±0.031	0.329±0.042	0.164±0.049	0.601±0.114
MLP	0.233±0.010	0.503±0.013	0.805±0.103	0.079±0.055	0.281±0.067	0.364±0.098	0.149±0.014	0.641±0.115
CPMLP	0.179±0.003	0.620±0.004	0.558±0.034	0.297±0.084	0.274±0.026	0.337±0.038	0.140±0.009	0.704±0.053
PatchTST	0.288±0.042	0.430±0.053	0.716±0.024	0.133±0.001	0.396±0.094	0.258±0.070	0.347±0.045	0.511±0.139
Autoformer	0.437±0.093	0.287±0.067	0.987±0.243	0.106±0.039	0.372±0.047	0.177±0.128	0.761±0.061	0.329±0.121
iTransformer	0.209±0.015	0.516±0.028	0.690±0.110	0.188±0.037	0.321±0.087	0.249±0.178	0.164±0.020	0.649±0.044
Transformer	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
CPTransformer	0.184±0.003	0.573±0.016	0.515±0.067	0.202±0.084	0.255±0.036	0.406±0.084	0.149±0.005	0.672±0.107
CNN	0.337±0.068	0.371±0.050	0.928±0.093	0.115±0.029	0.307±0.047	0.273±0.027	0.278±0.011	0.582±0.032
MICN	0.249±0.004	0.494±0.019	0.579±0.101	0.227±0.127	0.305±0.040	0.335±0.065	0.233±0.050	0.471±0.257
CPGRU	0.189±0.008	0.585±0.013	0.616±0.049	0.289±0.076	0.298±0.063	0.203±0.160	0.141±0.012	0.681±0.178
CPBiGRU	0.190±0.001	0.566±0.034	0.774±0.202	0.193±0.156	0.282±0.055	0.395±0.008	0.160±0.015	0.686±0.063
CPLSTM	0.196±0.006	0.585±0.020	0.932±0.227	0.085±0.028	0.272±0.051	0.386±0.009	0.156±0.073	0.613±0.153
CPBiLSTM	0.191±0.007	0.421±0.255	0.645±0.049	0.150±0.104	0.299±0.043	0.399±0.001	0.173±0.075	0.663±0.247
GRU&BiGRU	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
LSTM&BiLSTM	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

Quick start

Install

pip install -r requirements.txt
# You should also install BatteryML (https://github.com/microsoft/BatteryML)

Preprocessing [tutorial]

After downloading all raw datasets provided in "Data availability" section, you can run the following script to obtain the processed datasets:

python preprocess_scripts.py

If you download the processed datasets, you can skip this step.

• During the development of BatteryLife, we frequently encountered problems where the processed data still contained potential issues after processing. Consequently, according to our experience, we have provided some Jupyter scripts for the double-check of processed data in the ./check_data_scripts/ folder to help the quick verification and processing of the data for the community. By conducting quick checks to ensure that all characteristic curves align with expectations, potential downstream complications can be effectively mitigated.

  • check_capacity_curves.ipynb : for checking charge and discharge capacities curve of the batteries..
  • check_soh_curves.ipynb : for checking the degradation trajectory of the batteries.
  • check_voltage_current_curves.ipynb : for checking the voltage and current curves of the batteries.

How to calculate the statistical information of aging conditions for processed data:

• Firstly, run the aging_conditions.py script to generate the name2agingConditionID.json, which the aging condition number for each battery.
• Secondly, run the dataset_overview_calculation.py script to calculate the aging conditions statistical information for preprocessed data.

Train the model [tutorial]

Before you start training, please move all processed datasets (such as, HUST, MATR, et al.) folders and Life labels folder (downloaded from Hugginface or Zenodo websites) into ./dataset folder under the root folder.

After that, just feel free to run any benchmark method. For example:

sh ./train_eval_scripts/CPTransformer.sh

Evaluate the model

If you want to evaluate a model in detail. We have provided the evaluation script. You can use it as follows:

sh ./train_eval_scripts/evaluate.sh

Fine-tuning [tutorial]

If you want to fine-tune the pretrained model to another dataset. We have provided the fine-tuning script and the tutorial. You can use it as follows:

sh ./train_eval_scripts/finetune_script.sh

Domain adaptation [tutorial]

If you want to do the domain adaptation to another dataset. We have provided the domain adaptation script and the tutorial. You can use it as follows:

sh ./train_eval_scripts/domain_adaptation_script.sh

Documention

• The main information is described in our BatteryLife paper.
• The data structure of the standardized data is described in Data_structure_description.md.
• Further details of data statistics are available at Further_details_of_data_statistics.md.
• Further details of processed charge and discharge capacity data are available at Further_details_of_processed_charge_and_discharge_capacity_data.md.
• BatteryLife update details are available at assets folder.
• The hyperparameters used to reproduce the reported results are provided in the Selected_hyperparameters.md.

Welcome contributions

Advancing AI4Battery requires standardized datasets. However, the available battery life datasets are typically stored in different places and in different formats. We have put great efforts into integrating 13 previously available datasets and 3 of our datasets. BatteryLife aims to become a unified platform for sharing standardized battery aging and lifetime datasets. We warmly welcome contributions from the community—whether by sharing new datasets or standardizing existing ones according to the BatteryLife guidelines.

To further broaden the range of available resources, we list below several open-source but currently unprocessed datasets in the battery life domain:

Index	Release Year	Data Download Link	Journals/Conferences	Preprocess Status
1	2023	Item - eVTOL Battery Dataset - Carnegie Mellon University - Figshare	Scientific Data
2	2024	Dataset - Dynamic cycling enhances battery lifetime Stanford Digital Repository	Nature Energy
3	2025	Aging matrix visualizes complexity of battery aging across hundreds of cycling protocols	Energy & Environmental Science
4	2025	Degradation path prediction of lithium-ion batteries under dynamic operating sequences	Energy & Environmental Science	Ongoing
5	2025	Non-destructive degradation pattern decoupling for early battery trajectory prediction via physics-informed learning	Energy & Environmental Science
6	2025	A dataset of over one thousand computed tomography scans of battery cells	ChemRxiv
7	2026	Transfer from lithium to sodium: promoting battery lifetime prognosis application	EES Batteries
8	2026	Large battery model for multi-state co-estimation and intelligent recommendation using mixed data sources	Energy Storage Materials
9	2026	Discovery Learning predicts battery cycle life from minimal experiments	Nature	Ongoing

If you are interested in contributing, please either submit a pull request or contact us via email at rtan474@connect.hkust-gz.edu.cn and whong719@connect.hkust-gz.edu.cn. To integrate your data into the BatteryLife repositories, please provide:

• Raw datasets
• Processed datasets
• Preprocessing scripts (for reproducibility)
• A list of contributors (for acknowledgment in the repo)
• Papers related to the data generation (we will prompt users to cite these in the repository's Citation section).

Citation

If you use the benchmark, processed datasets, or the raw datasets produced by this work, you should cite the BatteryLife paper:

@inproceedings{10.1145/3711896.3737372,
author = {Tan, Ruifeng and Hong, Weixiang and Tang, Jiayue and Lu, Xibin and Ma, Ruijun and Zheng, Xiang and Li, Jia and Huang, Jiaqiang and Zhang, Tong-Yi},
title = {BatteryLife: A Comprehensive Dataset and Benchmark for Battery Life Prediction},
year = {2025},
isbn = {9798400714542},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3711896.3737372},
doi = {10.1145/3711896.3737372},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.2},
pages = {5789–5800},
numpages = {12},
location = {Toronto ON, Canada},
series = {KDD '25}
}

• Additionally, please cite the original papers that conducted experiments. Please cite BatteryArchive as the data source for the HNEI, SNL, MICH, MICH_EXP, and UL_PUR datasets.
• Please cite BatteryML if you use the processed CALCE, MATR, HUST, HNEI, RWTH, SNL, and UL_PUR datasets. Our preprocessing for these 7 datasets relies heavily on BatteryML's preprocessing scripts.
• Please cite SDU paper if you use the SDU dataset.

Acknowledgement

This repo is constructed based on the following repos:

• https://github.com/thuml/Time-Series-Library
• https://github.com/microsoft/BatteryML

Star History

All thanks to our contributors