UserRL: Training Proactive User-Centric Agent via Reinforcement Learning

| 📖 Paper | 📊 Dataset |

This is the official repository for paper "UserRL: Training Proactive User-Centric Agent via Reinforcement Learning".

We provide a comprehensive framework for training LLM using reinforcement learning across diverse multi-turn user-centric gym environments. UserRL implements Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with multi-turn credit assignment for effective learning in interactive scenarios.

🎯 Overview

UserRL enables training language models to interact effectively with users across multiple domains through:

• Multi-Turn Conversations: Support for complex, extended dialogues with proper credit assignment
• Diverse Gym Environments: 10+ specialized environments covering reasoning, tool usage, persuasion, and more
• Advanced RL Algorithms: GRPO with turn-level reward attribution and trajectory scoring
• Scalable Training: Multi-GPU support with SGLang backend for efficient inference
• Comprehensive Evaluation: End-to-end pipeline for model assessment across all environments

🏗️ Architecture

Core Components

UserRL/
├── gyms/              # Gymnasium environments for different domains
├── verl/              # Core RL training framework
├── examples/          # Training configurations and data preprocessing
├── sft/               # Supervised fine-tuning pipeline
├── eval/              # Comprehensive evaluation framework
└── data/              # Training and validation datasets

Key Features

• 🤖 Multi-Environment Training: Train on 10+ diverse environments simultaneously
• 🎯 Turn-Level Credit Assignment: Advanced reward attribution for multi-turn scenarios
• ⚡ Efficient Inference: SGLang backend with optimized memory utilization
• 📊 Comprehensive Logging: WandB integration with detailed metrics tracking
• 🔧 Flexible Configuration: Hydra-based configuration system for easy experimentation

🚀 Quick Start

Prerequisites

• Python 3.12
• CUDA-compatible GPU(s)
• OpenAI API key (for user simulation)

Installation

1. Create Environment

   conda create -n userrl python=3.12
   conda activate userrl
   

2. Install UserRL

   pip install -e .[sglang]
   pip install flash-attn --no-build-isolation
   

3. Install Gym Environments

   bash install_gyms.sh
   

Basic Training

1. Configure Environment Variables

   export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
   export OPENAI_API_KEY="your-openai-key"
   export OPENAI_BASE_URL="https://api.openai.com/v1"
   export MULTITURN_MODEL_NAME="gpt-4o"
   

2. Update Training Script

   Edit examples/sglang_multiturn/train.sh and update:

   PROJECT_DIR="/path/to/your/UserRL"  # Set your project path
   actor_rollout_ref.model.path=/path/to/your/model  # Set your model path
   trainer.n_gpus_per_node=8  # Adjust based on available GPUs
   

3. Start Training

   bash ./examples/sglang_multiturn/train.sh
   

🎮 Available Environments

UserRL includes 10+ specialized gym environments:

Environment	Domain	Description
FunctionGym	Mathematics	Function discovery and parameter learning
IntentionGym	Intent Recognition	User intention inference through conversation
PersuadeGym	Persuasion	Strategic persuasive communication
SearchGym	Information Retrieval	Web search and information synthesis
TauGym	Tool Usage	Multi-agent tool interaction scenarios
TelepathyGym	Mind Reading	Entity guessing through strategic questions
TravelGym	Travel Planning	Preference elicitation and recommendation
TurtleGym	Lateral Thinking	Turtle Soup puzzle solving

Each environment provides:

• Standardized action formats ([action], [answer], [finish])
• Multi-turn conversation support
• Domain-specific reward mechanisms
• LLM-based evaluation systems

🏋️ Training Pipeline

1. Supervised Fine-Tuning (Optional)

For improved initialization, start with SFT:

# See detailed instructions in sft/README.md
cd sft/
# Follow SFT pipeline setup and training

2. Reinforcement Learning Training

Key Training Parameters:

• Algorithm: GRPO with multi-turn credit assignment
• Turn-Level Method: Equalized, R2G, or EM
• Trajectory Scoring: Sum or R2G

Training Configuration Example:

# Key hyperparameters in train.sh
algorithm.adv_estimator: grpo_multiturn
algorithm.gamma: 0.8
data.train_batch_size: 128
actor_rollout_ref.rollout.multi_turn.turn_level_method: "Equalized"
actor_rollout_ref.rollout.multi_turn.trajectory_score_method: "Sum"

3. Model Evaluation

Comprehensive evaluation across all environments:

# See detailed instructions in eval/README.md
cd eval/
# Follow evaluation pipeline

📊 Advanced Configuration

Multi-GPU Training

UserRL supports distributed training across multiple GPUs:

# Configure GPU usage
export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
trainer.n_gpus_per_node=8
trainer.nnodes=1

User Simulation Options

Option 1: OpenAI GPT-4o

export OPENAI_BASE_URL="https://api.openai.com/v1"
export MULTITURN_MODEL_NAME="gpt-4o"

Option 2: Local Model

# We apply Qwen3-32B as simulated user in paper's experiments
export OPENAI_BASE_URL="http://localhost:8000/v1"
export MULTITURN_MODEL_NAME="Qwen/Qwen3-32B"

Memory Optimization

For large models, configure memory settings:

actor_rollout_ref.model.enable_gradient_checkpointing: True
actor_rollout_ref.model.enable_activation_offload: True
actor_rollout_ref.rollout.gpu_memory_utilization: 0.50

🔧 Adding New Environments

1. Design New Gym: Follow patterns in gyms/README.md

2. Create Data Preprocessing:

   # Create new file in examples/data_preprocess/
   # Ensure data source field starts with "interact_"
   

3. Update Dataset Configuration:

   python examples/data_preprocess/merge_customize.py
   

4. Register Environment:

   # Add to verl/tools/env_manager.py
   # Use same env_name as in data preprocessing
   

5. Begin Training: Run customized training with new environment

📈 Monitoring and Logging

UserRL provides comprehensive logging through:

• Console Output: Real-time training progress
• Weights & Biases: Detailed metrics and visualization
• Checkpointing: Automatic model saving and best model selection

trainer.logger: ['console', 'wandb']
trainer.project_name: 'UserRL'
trainer.save_freq: 1
trainer.test_freq: 5

🤝 Contributing

We welcome contributions! Please see individual component READMEs:

• Gym Environments
• SFT Pipeline
• Evaluation Framework

📝 Citation

@article{qian2025userrl,
  title={UserRL: Training Interactive User-Centric Agent via Reinforcement Learning},
  author={Qian, Cheng and Liu, Zuxin and Prabhakar, Akshara and Qiu, Jielin and Liu, Zhiwei and Chen, Haolin and Kokane, Shirley and Ji, Heng and Yao, Weiran and Heinecke, Shelby and Savarese, Silvio and Xiong, Caiming and Wang, Huan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.19736},
  year={2025}
}

🙏 Acknowledgments

Built on top of:

• VERL - Volcano Engine Reinforcement Learning framework
• SGLang - Efficient LLM serving

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For detailed documentation on specific components, please refer to the respective README files in each subdirectory.