SlothDB SQL Reference

Data Types

Type	Aliases	Description
BOOLEAN	BOOL	True/false
TINYINT	INT1	8-bit integer
SMALLINT	INT2	16-bit integer
INTEGER	INT, INT4	32-bit integer
BIGINT	INT8	64-bit integer
HUGEINT		128-bit integer
FLOAT	REAL, FLOAT4	32-bit float
DOUBLE	FLOAT8	64-bit float
DECIMAL(p,s)	NUMERIC	Fixed-point decimal
VARCHAR	TEXT, STRING	Variable-length string
BLOB	BYTEA	Binary data
DATE		Calendar date
TIME		Time of day
TIMESTAMP		Date and time
BOOLEAN	BOOL	True/false

Statements

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE name (
    column1 TYPE [NOT NULL] [PRIMARY KEY],
    column2 TYPE,
    ...
);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS name (...);

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE name;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS name;

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE name ADD COLUMN col_name TYPE;
ALTER TABLE name DROP COLUMN col_name;
ALTER TABLE name RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name;

INSERT

INSERT INTO table VALUES (val1, val2, ...);
INSERT INTO table VALUES (v1, v2), (v3, v4);
INSERT INTO table (col1, col2) VALUES (v1, v2);
INSERT INTO table SELECT ... FROM other_table;

UPDATE

UPDATE table SET col1 = val1, col2 = val2 WHERE condition;

DELETE

DELETE FROM table WHERE condition;
DELETE FROM table;  -- delete all rows

MERGE

MERGE INTO target USING source ON target.id = source.id
    WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET col = source.col
    WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (cols) VALUES (vals);

SELECT

SELECT [DISTINCT] expr [AS alias], ...
FROM table [alias]
    [JOIN table ON condition]
WHERE condition
GROUP BY expr, ...
HAVING condition
QUALIFY window_condition
ORDER BY expr [ASC|DESC] [NULLS FIRST|LAST]
LIMIT n [OFFSET m];

WITH (CTE)

WITH cte_name AS (SELECT ...)
SELECT * FROM cte_name;

WITH RECURSIVE cte(cols) AS (
    base_case
    UNION ALL
    recursive_case
)
SELECT * FROM cte;

Set Operations

SELECT ... UNION [ALL] SELECT ...
SELECT ... INTERSECT SELECT ...
SELECT ... EXCEPT SELECT ...

COPY

COPY table TO 'file.csv';
COPY table TO 'file.json' WITH (FORMAT JSON);
COPY table TO 'file.parquet' WITH (FORMAT PARQUET);
COPY table FROM 'file.csv';
COPY table FROM 'file.json' WITH (FORMAT JSON);

Transactions

BEGIN [TRANSACTION];
COMMIT [TRANSACTION];
ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION];

Views (Virtual)

Views re-execute on every query - views on files always return fresh data.

CREATE VIEW name AS SELECT ...;
CREATE VIEW sales AS SELECT * FROM read_csv('sales.csv');  -- re-reads file each query
CREATE VIEW events AS SELECT * FROM read_parquet('events.parquet');
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW name AS SELECT ...;
DROP VIEW name;

Other

EXPLAIN SELECT ...;
TRUNCATE TABLE name;

File I/O Functions

Function	Description
read_csv('path')	Read CSV file
read_json('path')	Read JSON/NDJSON file
read_parquet('path')	Read Parquet file
read_arrow('path')	Read Arrow IPC file
read_avro('path')	Read Avro file
read_xlsx('path')	Read Excel file
sqlite_scan('db', 'table')	Read SQLite table
GENERATE_SERIES(start, stop [, step])	Generate integer sequence

Auto-detect: SELECT * FROM 'file.csv' (detects format by extension).

Glob patterns: SELECT * FROM read_csv('data/*.csv').

Scalar Functions

String

LENGTH, UPPER, LOWER, CONCAT, ||, SUBSTRING(s, start, len), REPLACE(s, from, to), TRIM, LTRIM, RTRIM, POSITION(s, sub), LEFT(s, n), RIGHT(s, n), LPAD(s, len, pad), RPAD(s, len, pad), REVERSE, REPEAT(s, n), STARTS_WITH(s, prefix), ENDS_WITH(s, suffix), CONTAINS(s, sub), SPLIT_PART(s, delim, idx), INITCAP

Math

ABS, CEIL, FLOOR, ROUND, SQRT, POWER(base, exp), MOD, %, LOG/LN, LOG2, LOG10, EXP, SIGN, PI(), RANDOM(), LEAST(a, b, ...), GREATEST(a, b, ...), SIN, COS, TAN, ASIN, ACOS, ATAN, ATAN2, DEGREES, RADIANS, TRUNC

Date/Time

NOW(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_DATE, EXTRACT(part FROM ts), DATE_ADD(part, n, ts), DATE_DIFF(part, ts1, ts2), STRFTIME(ts), TO_TIMESTAMP(epoch_sec)

Null

COALESCE(a, b, ...), NULLIF(a, b)

Regex

REGEXP_MATCHES(s, pattern), REGEXP_REPLACE(s, pattern, replacement), REGEXP_EXTRACT(s, pattern)

Type

CAST(x AS type), TRY_CAST(x AS type)

Aggregate Functions

COUNT(*), COUNT(col), COUNT(DISTINCT col), SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, STRING_AGG(col, delim), STDDEV, STDDEV_POP, VARIANCE, VAR_POP, MEDIAN, BOOL_AND, BOOL_OR

Window Functions

func() OVER (
    [PARTITION BY expr, ...]
    [ORDER BY expr [ASC|DESC], ...]
)

Functions: ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), DENSE_RANK(), NTILE(n), LEAD(col [, offset]), LAG(col [, offset]), FIRST_VALUE(col), LAST_VALUE(col), SUM(col) OVER (...), COUNT(*) OVER (...), AVG(col) OVER (...)

QUALIFY

SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY salary DESC)
FROM employees
QUALIFY ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY salary DESC) = 1;