Running VLA in Real Time (Pi0 + Pi05 + DM0)

This project provides accelerated inference kernels of Pi0 and Pi05 models from the OpenPI project.

Real-world demonstration: catching a falling pen with sub-200ms end-to-end latency using 30 FPS inference. (From "Running VLAs at Real-time Speed")

Pi0 (Triton) latency on RTX 4090 (max boosted clock 2.79GHz) for one set of observations (10 flow steps, chunk size 63, empty prompt) is as follows:

1 view	2 views	3 views
20.0ms	27.3ms	36.8ms

For more realistic Pi0 settings (prompt length 20 tokens, chunk size 50), we have:

1 view	2 views	3 views
23.6ms	32.9ms	39.2ms

To match camera speeds, you should consider using 30fps for one or two views, and 25fps for three views.

What's NEW!

• [2026/02] 🔥 Added DM0 Triton inference: dm0_infer.py (New high-speed vla model support).
• [2026/01] 🔥 Added Pi05 Triton inference: pi05_infer.py (major upgrade; Pi0 + Pi05 supported).
• [2026/01] 🔥 Added test.py for Triton vs JAX correctness/consistency checks, supporting both Pi0 and Pi05 (MAE + per-dimension MAE).
• [2026/01] 🔥 Added a benchmark matrix: RTX 4090/5090 × 1/2/3 views × Pi0/Pi05 × Triton.

Benchmark Matrix

Model / Backend	RTX 4090 (1 view)	RTX 4090 (2 views)	RTX 4090 (3 views)	RTX 5090 (1 view)	RTX 5090 (2 views)	RTX 5090 (3 views)
Pi0 Triton	20.0ms	27.3ms	36.8ms	17.6ms	24.0ms	31.9ms
Pi05 Triton	22.1ms	29.2ms	38.9ms	20.1ms	26.6ms	34.2ms
DM0 Triton						55.8ms

How to Use

The intended usage is to directly copy the inference file into your project:

• pi0_infer.py: Pi0 Triton inference
• pi05_infer.py: Pi05 Triton inference
• dm0_infer.py: DM0 Triton inference (new)

Pi0 Triton inference

converted_checkpoint = pickle.load(open('converted_checkpoint.pkl', 'rb'))

from pi0_infer import Pi0Inference

infer = Pi0Inference(converted_checkpoint, number_of_images, length_of_trajectory)
output_actions = infer.forward(
   normalized_observation_image_bfloat16, # (number_of_images, 224, 224, 3)
   observation_state_bfloat16, # (32,)
   diffusion_input_noise_bfloat16, # (length_of_trajectory, 32)
)

Pi05 Triton inference

converted_checkpoint = pickle.load(open('converted_checkpoint.pkl', 'rb'))

from pi05_infer import Pi05Inference

infer = Pi05Inference(
  checkpoint=converted_checkpoint,
  num_views=number_of_images,
  chunk_size=length_of_trajectory,
  tokenizer_path="/path/to/paligemma-3b-pt-224",
  # discrete_state_input=True is recommended (and matches `test.py`)
  discrete_state_input=True,
)
output_actions = infer.forward(
   normalized_observation_image_bfloat16, # (number_of_images, 224, 224, 3)
   diffusion_input_noise_bfloat16, # (length_of_trajectory, 32)
   task_prompt, # str
   state_tokens, # np.ndarray (discrete tokens if discrete_state_input=True)
)

DM0 Triton inference (new)

converted_checkpoint = torch.load('converted_checkpoint.pt', map_location=device, weights_only=True)

from dm0_infer import DM0Inference

infer = DM0Inference(
  checkpoint=converted_checkpoint,
  num_images=number_of_images,
)
output_actions = infer.forward(
   images, # (number_of_images, 3, 728, 728)
   input_ids, # (length_of_language,)
   diffusion_input_noise_bfloat16, # (length_of_trajectory, 32)
)

Convert from JAX checkpoint

pytho3 convert_from_jax.py \
   --jax_path /path/to/checkpoint/folder\
   --output converted_checkpoint.pkl\
   --prompt "your task prompt"\
   --tokenizer_path /path/to/paligemma-3b-pt-224

python3 convert_from_jax_pi05.py \
   --jax_path /path/to/checkpoint/folder\
   --output converted_checkpoint.pkl\
   --prompt "your task prompt"\
   --tokenizer_path /path/to/paligemma-3b-pt-224

python3 convert_dm0_weight.py \
   --model_path /path/to/checkpoint/folder\
   --output converted_checkpoint.pt

The code is specifically tuned on RTX 4090, CUDA 12.6, but it should work on similar platforms so long as torch and triton themselves work.

Checking Performance

You can check the inference time on you local machine by

python3 benchmark.py --num_views 3 --prompt_len 0 --chunk_size 50 --model_version dm0

Correctness / Consistency Testing (Pi0 & Pi05)

We provide test.py to compare Triton vs JAX outputs for both Pi0 and Pi05 (simple MAE report per-dimension).

Example (Pi05):

python3 test.py \
  --model_version pi05 \
  --triton_path converted_checkpoint.pkl \
  --jax_path /path/to/jax/checkpoint/folder \
  --norm_stats_dir /path/to/norm_stats_dir \
  --config_name <openpi_config_name> \
  --prompt "your task prompt" \
  --tokenizer_path /path/to/paligemma-3b-pt-224 \
  --discrete_state_input

Example (Pi0):

python3 test.py \
  --model_version pi0 \
  --triton_path converted_checkpoint.pkl \
  --jax_path /path/to/jax/checkpoint/folder \
  --norm_stats_dir /path/to/norm_stats_dir \
  --config_name <openpi_config_name>

Structure of the Code

The implementation is organized into three main components: a vision encoder, an LLM, and an action expert. Each component is decomposed into fundamental operations, with the entire computation graph simplified to 24 GEMM-like operations and associated scalar operators. This modular structure allows for efficient Triton kernel optimization at each computational stage.

Simplified computation graph showing the 24 GEMM-like operations that constitute the core of the inference pipeline.

Acknowledgements

This project is developed based on Physical Intelligence's OpenPI project.

Citation

If you want, you can cite this work with:

@article{ma2025runningvlasrealtimespeed,
  title={Running VLAs at Real-time Speed},
  author={Ma, Yunchao and Zhou, Yizhuang and Yang, Yunhuan and Wang, Tiancai and Fan, Haoqiang},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.26742},
  year={2025}
}