Rust serialization benchmark

The goal of these benchmarks is to provide thorough and complete benchmarks for various rust serialization frameworks.

Maintainers

These benchmarks are maintained by a small group of volunteers. Special thanks to:

• djkoloski
• mumbleskates
• finnbear

These benchmarks are a work in progress

These benchmarks are still being developed and pull requests to improve benchmarks are welcome.

Interactive site

Calculate the number of messages per second that can be sent/received with various rust serialization frameworks and compression libraries. Documentation

Format

All tests benchmark the following properties (time or size):

• Serialize: serialize data into a buffer
• Deserialize: deserializes a buffer into a normal rust object
• Borrow: deserializes a buffer into a rust object that borrows string data from the input, with lifetime
• Size: the size of the buffer when serialized
• Zlib: the size of the buffer after zlib compression
• Zstd: the size of the buffer after zstd compression
• Zstd Time: the time taken to compress the serialized buffer with zstd

Zero-copy deserialization libraries have an additional set of benchmarks:

• Access: accesses a buffer as structured data
• Read: runs through a buffer and reads fields out of it
• Update: updates a buffer as structured data

Some benchmark results may be italicized and followed by an asterisk. Mouse over these for more details on what situation was benchmarked. Other footnotes are located at the bottom.

Last updated: 2026-04-24 06:15:02

Runtime info

rustc version

rustc 1.97.0-nightly (36ba2c771 2026-04-23)
binary: rustc
commit-hash: 36ba2c7712052d731a7082d0eba5ed3d9d56c133
commit-date: 2026-04-23
host: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
release: 1.97.0-nightly
LLVM version: 22.1.2

CPU info

Architecture:                            x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                          32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                           48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  4
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-3
Vendor ID:                               AuthenticAMD
Model name:                              AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor
CPU family:                              25
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      2
Core(s) per socket:                      2
Socket(s):                               1
Stepping:                                1
BogoMIPS:                                4890.84
Flags:                                   fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid extd_apicid aperfmperf tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw topoext vmmcall fsgsbase bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves user_shstk clzero xsaveerptr rdpru arat npt nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold v_vmsave_vmload umip vaes vpclmulqdq rdpid fsrm
Virtualization:                          AMD-V
Hypervisor vendor:                       Microsoft
Virtualization type:                     full
L1d cache:                               64 KiB (2 instances)
L1i cache:                               64 KiB (2 instances)
L2 cache:                                1 MiB (2 instances)
L3 cache:                                32 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-3
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Ghostwrite:                Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Old microcode:             Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Vulnerable: Safe RET, no microcode
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Vulnerable
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; Retpolines; STIBP disabled; RSB filling; PBRSB-eIBRS Not affected; BHI Not affected
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Vulnerable: No microcode
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

log

This data set is composed of HTTP request logs that are small and contain many strings.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	463.27 µs* 421.45 µs*	2.5464 ms	868.75 µs	804955	328941	284849	4.1190 ms
bin-proto 0.12.7	4.3115 ms	4.6458 ms	†	1045784	373127	311553	4.4838 ms
bincode 2.0.1	336.98 µs	2.1362 ms	702.50 µs	741295	303944	256422	3.4239 ms
bincode 1.3.3	552.43 µs	2.0893 ms	634.28 µs	1045784	373127	311553	4.4718 ms
bitcode 0.6.6	138.84 µs	1.4670 ms	60.887 µs	703710	288826	227322	2.5535 ms
borsh 1.5.7	554.36 µs	2.1627 ms	†	885780	362204	286248	4.0821 ms
capnp 0.23.2	489.09 µs	†	†	1443216	513986	426532	6.1265 ms
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	615.78 µs	5.2106 ms	3.3812 ms	1407835	403440	323561	5.0241 ms
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	3.2815 ms	11.190 ms	†	1407835	403440	323561	5.0583 ms
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	1.8804 ms	5.0705 ms	3.2425 ms	1407835	403440	323561	4.7074 ms
columnar 0.11.1	253.08 µs	2.1896 ms 823.75 µs*	†	1045928	370212	293907	4.0919 ms
compactly 0.1.6	27.013 ms	20.273 ms	†	241251	241453	241263	106.06 µs
databuf 0.5.0	261.34 µs	2.0443 ms	677.51 µs	765778	311715	263914	3.4782 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	671.06 µs	2.5803 ms	†	724953	301446	253056	3.1694 ms
flatbuffers 25.12.19	1.0315 ms	†	†	1276368	468539	388381	4.7773 ms
flexbuffers 25.2.10	7.1672 ms	7.0418 ms	5.7929 ms	1829756	714318	691541	8.5374 ms
json: flexon 0.4.5	2.7541 ms	3.7759 ms	†	1827461	470560	360727	5.4796 ms
json: serde_json 1.0.140	3.8240 ms	5.9020 ms	†	1827461	470560	360727	5.4606 ms
json: simd-json 0.15.1	2.1577 ms	4.7827 ms	†	1827461	470560	360727	5.4415 ms
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	359.25 µs	2.5971 ms	915.95 µs	764996	315291	264212	3.5858 ms
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	1.4960 ms	3.1607 ms	1.4255 ms	784997	325384	277608	3.7620 ms
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	367.94 µs	2.5236 ms	811.98 µs	784997	325384	277608	3.8162 ms
minicbor 1.0.0	540.87 µs	3.0434 ms	1.4527 ms	817830	332671	284034	4.0156 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	5.5551 ms	4.0181 ms	2.4616 ms	818669	332556	284797	4.0411 ms
nanoserde 0.2.1	235.43 µs	2.1075 ms	†	1045784	373127	311553	4.1062 ms
nibblecode 0.1.0	185.21 µs	†	†	1011487	482464	412798	5.3821 ms
postcard 1.1.1	428.61 µs	2.2860 ms	722.58 µs	724953	302399	252968	3.2395 ms
pot 3.0.1	2.3099 ms	6.5076 ms	4.7785 ms	971922	372513	303636	4.3426 ms
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	965.84 µs* 2.4952 ms*	3.4402 ms	†	884628	363130	314959	4.3744 ms
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	1.2006 ms* 3.0299 ms*	3.8241 ms	†	884628	363130	314959	4.3629 ms
rkyv 0.8.10	247.23 µs	1.5516 ms* 1.9196 ms*	†	1011488	393526	325965	4.6029 ms
ron 0.10.1	12.653 ms	23.325 ms	21.018 ms	1607459	449158	349324	5.5392 ms
savefile 0.18.6	196.45 µs	2.1852 ms	†	1045800	373139	311562	4.2110 ms
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	663.24 µs	2.4206 ms	†	765778	311743	263822	3.4457 ms
serde-brief 0.1.1	1.4299 ms	4.8016 ms	3.0037 ms	1584946	413733	339964	4.8675 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	685.89 µs	2.1062 ms	†	765778	311715	263914	3.5596 ms
speedy 0.8.7	200.26 µs	1.7527 ms	373.00 µs	885780	362204	286248	3.8130 ms
wincode 0.5.3	174.76 µs	1.7708 ms	384.10 µs	1045784	373127	311553	4.1447 ms
wiring 0.2.4	193.02 µs	2.0742 ms	†	1045784	337930	275808	3.6329 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	78.816 ns*	135.62 µs*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	23.520 ns	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	2.4898 ns* 2.0752 ms*	51.872 µs* 2.1850 ms*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	1.2445 ns* 237.00 µs*	10.391 µs* 247.60 µs*	7.6650 µs*
rkyv 0.8.10	1.2462 ns* 354.08 µs*	10.432 µs* 366.21 µs*	7.6281 µs*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	29.97%* 32.94%*	32.35%	7.01%	29.97%	73.40%	79.80%	2.57%
bin-proto 0.12.7	3.22%	17.73%	†	23.07%	64.71%	72.96%	2.37%
bincode 2.0.1	41.20%	38.56%	8.67%	32.54%	79.44%	88.65%	3.10%
bincode 1.3.3	25.13%	39.43%	9.60%	23.07%	64.71%	72.96%	2.37%
bitcode 0.6.6	100.00%	56.15%	100.00%	34.28%	83.60%	100.00%	4.15%
borsh 1.5.7	25.05%	38.09%	†	27.24%	66.66%	79.41%	2.60%
capnp 0.23.2	28.39%	†	†	16.72%	46.98%	53.30%	1.73%
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	22.55%	15.81%	1.80%	17.14%	59.85%	70.26%	2.11%
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	4.23%	7.36%	†	17.14%	59.85%	70.26%	2.10%
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	7.38%	16.25%	1.88%	17.14%	59.85%	70.26%	2.25%
columnar 0.11.1	54.86%	37.62% 100.00%*	†	23.07%	65.22%	77.34%	2.59%
compactly 0.1.6	0.51%	4.06%	†	100.00%	100.00%	94.22%	100.00%
databuf 0.5.0	53.13%	40.29%	8.99%	31.50%	77.46%	86.13%	3.05%
dlhn 0.1.7	20.69%	31.92%	†	33.28%	80.10%	89.83%	3.35%
flatbuffers 25.12.19	13.46%	†	†	18.90%	51.53%	58.53%	2.22%
flexbuffers 25.2.10	1.94%	11.70%	1.05%	13.18%	33.80%	32.87%	1.24%
json: flexon 0.4.5	5.04%	21.82%	†	13.20%	51.31%	63.02%	1.94%
json: serde_json 1.0.140	3.63%	13.96%	†	13.20%	51.31%	63.02%	1.94%
json: simd-json 0.15.1	6.43%	17.22%	†	13.20%	51.31%	63.02%	1.95%
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	38.65%	31.72%	6.65%	31.54%	76.58%	86.04%	2.96%
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	9.28%	26.06%	4.27%	30.73%	74.21%	81.89%	2.82%
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	37.73%	32.64%	7.50%	30.73%	74.21%	81.89%	2.78%
minicbor 1.0.0	25.67%	27.07%	4.19%	29.50%	72.58%	80.03%	2.64%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.50%	20.50%	2.47%	29.47%	72.61%	79.82%	2.62%
nanoserde 0.2.1	58.97%	39.09%	†	23.07%	64.71%	72.96%	2.58%
nibblecode 0.1.0	74.96%	†	†	23.85%	50.05%	55.07%	1.97%
postcard 1.1.1	32.39%	36.03%	8.43%	33.28%	79.85%	89.86%	3.27%
pot 3.0.1	6.01%	12.66%	1.27%	24.82%	64.82%	74.87%	2.44%
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	14.38%* 5.56%*	23.94%	†	27.27%	66.49%	72.18%	2.42%
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	11.56%* 4.58%*	21.54%	†	27.27%	66.49%	72.18%	2.43%
rkyv 0.8.10	56.16%	53.09%* 42.91%*	†	23.85%	61.36%	69.74%	2.30%
ron 0.10.1	1.10%	3.53%	0.29%	15.01%	53.76%	65.07%	1.91%
savefile 0.18.6	70.67%	37.70%	†	23.07%	64.71%	72.96%	2.52%
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	20.93%	34.03%	†	31.50%	77.45%	86.16%	3.08%
serde-brief 0.1.1	9.71%	17.16%	2.03%	15.22%	58.36%	66.87%	2.18%
serde_bare 0.5.0	20.24%	39.11%	†	31.50%	77.46%	86.13%	2.98%
speedy 0.8.7	69.33%	47.00%	16.32%	27.24%	66.66%	79.41%	2.78%
wincode 0.5.3	79.45%	46.52%	15.85%	23.07%	64.71%	72.96%	2.56%
wiring 0.2.4	71.93%	39.71%	†	23.07%	71.45%	82.42%	2.92%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	1.58%*	7.66%*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	5.29%	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	49.98%* 0.00%*	20.03%* 0.48%*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 4.20%*	99.52%*
rkyv 0.8.10	99.86%* 0.00%*	99.61%* 2.84%*	100.00%*

mesh

This data set is a single mesh. The mesh contains an array of triangles, each of which has three vertices and a normal vector.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	7.2020 ms* 8.7458 ms*	7.8226 ms	8625005	6443961	6231572	72.058 ms
bin-proto 0.12.7	8.3393 ms	10.689 ms	6000008	5378500	5346908	8.4314 ms
bincode 2.0.1	2.4162 ms	1.0456 ms	6000005	5378497	5346882	8.6628 ms
bincode 1.3.3	5.8836 ms	5.8333 ms	6000008	5378500	5346908	8.7681 ms
bitcode 0.6.6	1.2996 ms	806.01 µs	6000006	5182295	4921841	13.249 ms
borsh 1.5.7	6.2591 ms	4.1592 ms	6000004	5378496	5346866	8.6217 ms
capnp 0.23.2	5.7059 ms	†	14000088	7130367	6046182	80.451 ms
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	9.1304 ms	50.453 ms	13125016	7524114	6757437	89.448 ms
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	68.830 ms	126.55 ms	13122324	7524660	6759128	89.850 ms
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	35.006 ms	41.163 ms	13122324	7524660	6759128	90.454 ms
columnar 0.11.1	1.7579 ms	1.4554 ms 682.70 µs*	6000120	5378435	5347039	8.4854 ms
compactly 0.1.6	355.96 ms	282.18 ms	4846786	4850065	4846903	1.6494 ms
databuf 0.5.0	2.4208 ms	5.3140 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.7054 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	6.1790 ms	7.0399 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.7000 ms
flatbuffers 25.12.19	447.14 µs	†	6000024	5378434	5346878	8.8618 ms
flexbuffers 25.2.10	107.66 ms	87.528 ms	26609424	11901040	12486322	152.07 ms
json: flexon 0.4.5	76.064 ms	56.165 ms	26192883	9566084	8584671	155.76 ms
json: serde_json 1.0.140	89.311 ms	100.74 ms	26192883	9566084	8584671	156.63 ms
json: simd-json 0.15.1	53.433 ms	67.458 ms	26192883	9566084	8584671	157.56 ms
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	658.24 µs	5.1937 ms	7500005	6058442	6014500	10.454 ms
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	18.796 ms	16.611 ms	8125006	6494876	6391037	74.688 ms
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	730.09 µs	5.4958 ms	8125006	6494876	6391037	76.263 ms
minicbor 1.0.0	6.0937 ms	11.604 ms	8125006	6494907	6390894	70.772 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	119.11 ms	24.712 ms	8125037	6493484	6386940	69.905 ms
nanoserde 0.2.1	1.6047 ms	894.73 µs	6000008	5378500	5346908	8.9363 ms
nibblecode 0.1.0	148.53 µs	†	6000008	5378500	5346908	8.4435 ms
postcard 1.1.1	480.23 µs	1.0021 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.6135 ms
pot 3.0.1	38.693 ms	69.991 ms	10122342	6814618	6852252	80.836 ms
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	7.8160 ms* 8.3242 ms*	13.192 ms	8750000	6665735	6421877	71.685 ms
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	14.397 ms* 30.902 ms*	29.980 ms	8750000	6665735	6421877	72.313 ms
rkyv 0.8.10	150.61 µs	150.45 µs* 151.76 µs*	6000008	5378500	5346872	8.6878 ms
ron 0.10.1	163.42 ms	517.22 ms	22192885	8970395	8137334	151.53 ms
savefile 0.18.6	149.17 µs	150.54 µs	6000024	5378519	5346896	8.7785 ms
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	5.1614 ms	3.9662 ms	6000004	5378496	5346866	8.6146 ms
serde-brief 0.1.1	17.539 ms	38.859 ms	15750015	8024540	6813667	92.710 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	6.0223 ms	4.8479 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.9697 ms
speedy 0.8.7	183.09 µs	150.54 µs	6000004	5378496	5346866	8.4238 ms
wincode 0.5.3	149.40 µs	149.19 µs	6000008	5378500	5346908	8.6476 ms
wiring 0.2.4	199.41 µs	337.12 µs	6000008	5378952	5346905	8.6090 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	111.06 ns*	1.9654 ms*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	21.789 ns	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	2.4907 ns* 45.146 ns*	77.841 µs* 77.999 µs*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	1.2453 ns* 1.8688 ns*	38.906 µs* 38.921 µs*	79.383 µs*
rkyv 0.8.10	1.2463 ns* 5.2983 ns*	38.901 µs* 38.911 µs*	75.717 µs*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	2.06%* 1.70%*	1.91%	56.19%	75.27%	77.78%	2.29%
bin-proto 0.12.7	1.78%	1.40%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.56%
bincode 2.0.1	6.15%	14.27%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.04%
bincode 1.3.3	2.52%	2.56%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	18.81%
bitcode 0.6.6	11.43%	18.51%	80.78%	93.59%	98.48%	12.45%
borsh 1.5.7	2.37%	3.59%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.13%
capnp 0.23.2	2.60%	†	34.62%	68.02%	80.16%	2.05%
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	1.63%	0.30%	36.93%	64.46%	71.73%	1.84%
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	0.22%	0.12%	36.94%	64.46%	71.71%	1.84%
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	0.42%	0.36%	36.94%	64.46%	71.71%	1.82%
columnar 0.11.1	8.45%	10.25% 21.85%*	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.44%
compactly 0.1.6	0.04%	0.05%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
databuf 0.5.0	6.14%	2.81%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	18.95%
dlhn 0.1.7	2.40%	2.12%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	18.96%
flatbuffers 25.12.19	33.22%	†	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	18.61%
flexbuffers 25.2.10	0.14%	0.17%	18.21%	40.75%	38.82%	1.08%
json: flexon 0.4.5	0.20%	0.27%	18.50%	50.70%	56.46%	1.06%
json: serde_json 1.0.140	0.17%	0.15%	18.50%	50.70%	56.46%	1.05%
json: simd-json 0.15.1	0.28%	0.22%	18.50%	50.70%	56.46%	1.05%
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	22.56%	2.87%	64.62%	80.05%	80.59%	15.78%
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	0.79%	0.90%	59.65%	74.68%	75.84%	2.21%
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	20.34%	2.71%	59.65%	74.68%	75.84%	2.16%
minicbor 1.0.0	2.44%	1.29%	59.65%	74.67%	75.84%	2.33%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	0.12%	0.60%	59.65%	74.69%	75.89%	2.36%
nanoserde 0.2.1	9.26%	16.67%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	18.46%
nibblecode 0.1.0	100.00%	†	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.53%
postcard 1.1.1	30.93%	14.89%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.15%
pot 3.0.1	0.38%	0.21%	47.88%	71.17%	70.73%	2.04%
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	1.90%* 1.78%*	1.13%	55.39%	72.76%	75.47%	2.30%
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	1.03%* 0.48%*	0.50%	55.39%	72.76%	75.47%	2.28%
rkyv 0.8.10	98.62%	99.16%* 98.31%*	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	18.99%
ron 0.10.1	0.09%	0.03%	21.84%	54.07%	59.56%	1.09%
savefile 0.18.6	99.57%	99.10%	80.78%	90.17%	90.65%	18.79%
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	2.88%	3.76%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.15%
serde-brief 0.1.1	0.85%	0.38%	30.77%	60.44%	71.14%	1.78%
serde_bare 0.5.0	2.47%	3.08%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	18.39%
speedy 0.8.7	81.12%	99.10%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.58%
wincode 0.5.3	99.42%	100.00%	80.78%	90.18%	90.65%	19.07%
wiring 0.2.4	74.48%	44.25%	80.78%	90.17%	90.65%	19.16%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	1.12%*	1.98%*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	5.72%	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	50.00%* 2.76%*	49.97%* 49.87%*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	100.00%* 66.64%*	99.99%* 99.95%*	95.38%*
rkyv 0.8.10	99.92%* 23.50%*	100.00%* 99.97%*	100.00%*

minecraft_savedata

This data set is composed of Minecraft player saves that contain highly structured data.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	871.40 µs* 788.06 µs*	3.1260 ms	1.6942 ms	489348	281173	249360	2.5972 ms
bin-proto 0.12.7	1.8392 ms	2.7888 ms	†	566975	239350	231475	2.4831 ms
bincode 2.0.1	310.03 µs	1.8123 ms	790.67 µs	367413	221291	206242	2.0557 ms
bincode 1.3.3	586.57 µs	1.8542 ms	878.48 µs	569975	240525	231884	2.6039 ms
bitcode 0.6.6	125.47 µs	1.2641 ms	172.07 µs	327688	200947	182040	764.22 µs
borsh 1.5.7	554.91 µs	1.8126 ms	†	446595	234236	209834	2.0730 ms
capnp 0.23.2	462.10 µs	†	†	803896	335606	280744	3.5540 ms
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	746.63 µs	4.8106 ms	3.4464 ms	1109831	344745	274333	3.4497 ms
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	3.8780 ms	10.434 ms	†	1109821	344751	274345	3.4407 ms
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	1.8484 ms	4.6962 ms	3.4226 ms	1109821	344751	274345	3.4592 ms
columnar 0.11.1	283.96 µs	1.9011 ms 757.24 µs*	†	563728	249696	217582	1.5903 ms
compactly 0.1.6	11.695 ms	11.326 ms	†	149292	149433	149304	89.286 µs
databuf 0.5.0	290.10 µs	1.7442 ms	813.00 µs	356311	213062	198403	2.0706 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	700.89 µs	2.6920 ms	†	366496	220600	205586	2.0428 ms
flatbuffers 25.12.19	3.2534 ms	†	†	849472	347816	294871	3.5275 ms
flexbuffers 25.2.10	8.0904 ms	6.7970 ms	5.5496 ms	1187688	557642	553730	6.3734 ms
json: flexon 0.4.5	2.7258 ms	4.6322 ms	†	1623191	466527	359157	5.8108 ms
json: serde_json 1.0.140	3.8230 ms	7.1742 ms	†	1623191	466527	359157	6.0083 ms
json: simd-json 0.15.1	2.2216 ms	4.5452 ms	†	1623191	466527	359157	5.8067 ms
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	330.97 µs	2.9087 ms	1.3075 ms	391251	236877	220395	2.2390 ms
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	1.4644 ms	3.0465 ms	1.6893 ms	424533	245214	226077	2.2841 ms
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	387.49 µs	2.2223 ms	934.85 µs	416025	243812	224965	2.2336 ms
minicbor 1.0.0	538.38 µs	3.3885 ms	1.9224 ms	428773	249857	228630	2.3341 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	4.9905 ms	3.7821 ms	2.6819 ms	449745	252432	230965	2.4316 ms
nanoserde 0.2.1	265.12 µs	1.9016 ms	†	567975	239930	231872	2.4954 ms
nibblecode 0.1.0	180.97 µs	†	†	603928	430458	406401	3.6625 ms
postcard 1.1.1	452.70 µs	2.0750 ms	808.11 µs	367489	221913	207244	2.0347 ms
pot 3.0.1	2.4078 ms	6.1816 ms	5.0284 ms	599125	299158	247675	2.7391 ms
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	1.3000 ms* 3.0423 ms*	3.5767 ms	†	596811	305319	268737	2.9979 ms
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	1.0446 ms* 3.0167 ms*	3.8998 ms	†	596811	305319	268737	3.0016 ms
rkyv 0.8.10	331.98 µs	1.5065 ms* 1.8713 ms*	†	603776	254776	219421	2.3575 ms
ron 0.10.1	8.3636 ms	24.075 ms	22.954 ms	1465223	434935	342907	5.6865 ms
savefile 0.18.6	215.65 µs	1.8087 ms	†	566991	239362	231478	2.4783 ms
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	628.17 µs	2.1147 ms	†	356311	212976	198423	1.9434 ms
serde-brief 0.1.1	1.1753 ms	5.2765 ms	3.6409 ms	1276014	373898	293384	3.7126 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	744.85 µs	2.3721 ms	†	356311	213062	198403	1.9970 ms
speedy 0.8.7	268.76 µs	1.6917 ms	550.91 µs	449595	234970	210192	2.0667 ms
wincode 0.5.3	204.48 µs	1.6446 ms	564.28 µs	566975	239350	231475	2.4986 ms
wiring 0.2.4	207.20 µs	1.9688 ms	†	566975	247810	225086	2.5622 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	85.434 ns*	424.45 ns*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	885.21 ns	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	2.5064 ns* 2.1701 ms*	1.4201 µs* 2.1721 ms*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	1.2453 ns* 256.05 µs*	156.26 ns* 258.70 µs*	726.15 ns*
rkyv 0.8.10	1.2446 ns* 336.57 µs*	156.21 ns* 335.79 µs*	730.21 ns*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	14.40%* 15.92%*	24.22%	10.16%	30.51%	53.15%	59.87%	3.44%
bin-proto 0.12.7	6.82%	27.15%	†	26.33%	62.43%	64.50%	3.60%
bincode 2.0.1	40.47%	41.78%	21.76%	40.63%	67.53%	72.39%	4.34%
bincode 1.3.3	21.39%	40.84%	19.59%	26.19%	62.13%	64.39%	3.43%
bitcode 0.6.6	100.00%	59.90%	100.00%	45.56%	74.36%	82.02%	11.68%
borsh 1.5.7	22.61%	41.78%	†	33.43%	63.80%	71.15%	4.31%
capnp 0.23.2	27.15%	†	†	18.57%	44.53%	53.18%	2.51%
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	16.80%	15.74%	4.99%	13.45%	43.35%	54.42%	2.59%
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	3.24%	7.26%	†	13.45%	43.35%	54.42%	2.59%
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	6.79%	16.12%	5.03%	13.45%	43.35%	54.42%	2.58%
columnar 0.11.1	44.19%	39.83% 100.00%*	†	26.48%	59.85%	68.62%	5.61%
compactly 0.1.6	1.07%	6.69%	†	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
databuf 0.5.0	43.25%	43.41%	21.16%	41.90%	70.14%	75.25%	4.31%
dlhn 0.1.7	17.90%	28.13%	†	40.73%	67.74%	72.62%	4.37%
flatbuffers 25.12.19	3.86%	†	†	17.57%	42.96%	50.63%	2.53%
flexbuffers 25.2.10	1.55%	11.14%	3.10%	12.57%	26.80%	26.96%	1.40%
json: flexon 0.4.5	4.60%	16.35%	†	9.20%	32.03%	41.57%	1.54%
json: serde_json 1.0.140	3.28%	10.56%	†	9.20%	32.03%	41.57%	1.49%
json: simd-json 0.15.1	5.65%	16.66%	†	9.20%	32.03%	41.57%	1.54%
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	37.91%	26.03%	13.16%	38.16%	63.08%	67.74%	3.99%
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	8.57%	24.86%	10.19%	35.17%	60.94%	66.04%	3.91%
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	32.38%	34.07%	18.41%	35.89%	61.29%	66.37%	4.00%
minicbor 1.0.0	23.31%	22.35%	8.95%	34.82%	59.81%	65.30%	3.83%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.51%	20.02%	6.42%	33.19%	59.20%	64.64%	3.67%
nanoserde 0.2.1	47.33%	39.82%	†	26.28%	62.28%	64.39%	3.58%
nibblecode 0.1.0	69.33%	†	†	24.72%	34.71%	36.74%	2.44%
postcard 1.1.1	27.72%	36.49%	21.29%	40.62%	67.34%	72.04%	4.39%
pot 3.0.1	5.21%	12.25%	3.42%	24.92%	49.95%	60.28%	3.26%
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	9.65%* 4.12%*	21.17%	†	25.01%	48.94%	55.56%	2.98%
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	12.01%* 4.16%*	19.42%	†	25.01%	48.94%	55.56%	2.97%
rkyv 0.8.10	37.79%	50.26%* 40.47%*	†	24.73%	58.65%	68.04%	3.79%
ron 0.10.1	1.50%	3.15%	0.75%	10.19%	34.36%	43.54%	1.57%
savefile 0.18.6	58.18%	41.87%	†	26.33%	62.43%	64.50%	3.60%
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	19.97%	35.81%	†	41.90%	70.16%	75.25%	4.59%
serde-brief 0.1.1	10.68%	14.35%	4.73%	11.70%	39.97%	50.89%	2.40%
serde_bare 0.5.0	16.85%	31.92%	†	41.90%	70.14%	75.25%	4.47%
speedy 0.8.7	46.68%	44.76%	31.23%	33.21%	63.60%	71.03%	4.32%
wincode 0.5.3	61.36%	46.04%	30.49%	26.33%	62.43%	64.50%	3.57%
wiring 0.2.4	60.56%	38.46%	†	26.33%	60.30%	66.33%	3.48%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	1.46%*	36.80%*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	0.14%	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	49.66%* 0.00%*	11.00%* 0.01%*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	99.94%* 0.00%*	99.97%* 0.06%*	100.00%*
rkyv 0.8.10	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 0.05%*	99.44%*

mk48

This data set is composed of mk48.io game updates that contain data with many exploitable patterns and invariants.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	4.5741 ms* 2.5549 ms*	8.2770 ms	1704643	1294259	1245668	11.796 ms
bin-proto 0.12.7	5.1211 ms	6.4536 ms	1791489	1127998	1051146	10.417 ms
bincode 2.0.1	1.2346 ms	3.6320 ms	1406257	1117802	1062438	9.7152 ms
bincode 1.3.3	3.7322 ms	4.5054 ms	1854234	1141994	1048745	10.592 ms
bitcode 0.6.6	694.57 µs	2.3644 ms	971318	878034	850340	3.1217 ms
borsh 1.5.7	2.9326 ms	2.9198 ms	1521989	1108471	1038528	10.283 ms
capnp 0.23.2	2.2717 ms	†	2724288	1546992	1239111	14.842 ms
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	3.2788 ms	18.829 ms	6012539	1695215	1464951	21.828 ms
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	23.745 ms	52.408 ms	6012373	1695146	1465025	22.169 ms
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	9.9053 ms	21.738 ms	6012373	1695146	1465025	21.552 ms
columnar 0.11.1	910.33 µs	3.7581 ms 1.2611 ms*	1544752	996728	897073	4.8672 ms
compactly 0.1.6	64.210 ms	56.420 ms	802662	803238	802689	355.42 µs
databuf 0.5.0	1.3323 ms	3.7732 ms	1319999	1062631	1008334	9.2551 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	4.4771 ms	7.3137 ms	1311281	1077520	1046095	9.4147 ms
flatbuffers 25.12.19	4.9509 ms	†	2325620	1439185	1268060	13.674 ms
flexbuffers 25.2.10	41.490 ms	35.851 ms	5352680	2658295	2777967	34.913 ms
json: flexon 0.4.5	15.315 ms	24.422 ms	9390461	2391679	1842767	35.157 ms
json: serde_json 1.0.140	22.268 ms	31.760 ms	9390461	2391679	1842767	35.122 ms
json: simd-json 0.15.1	11.897 ms	25.714 ms	9390461	2391679	1842767	35.583 ms
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	947.27 µs	5.7379 ms	1458773	1156055	1137788	9.7691 ms
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	10.425 ms	10.894 ms	1745322	1261627	1228923	12.350 ms
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	1.8366 ms	5.5016 ms	1794467	1273669	1242301	12.222 ms
minicbor 1.0.0	2.4107 ms	11.569 ms	1777386	1276218	1252558	13.069 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	29.976 ms	16.522 ms	1770060	1277755	1263362	12.661 ms
nanoserde 0.2.1	1.3066 ms	2.7828 ms	1812404	1134820	1053109	10.578 ms
nibblecode 0.1.0	507.76 µs	†	2075936	1548252	1439671	14.256 ms
postcard 1.1.1	1.8670 ms	4.1950 ms	1311281	1083900	1041434	8.7948 ms
pot 3.0.1	14.075 ms	30.142 ms	2604812	1482233	1298928	16.644 ms
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	5.5057 ms* 9.4135 ms*	8.7297 ms	1859886	1338076	1295351	12.862 ms
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	5.8977 ms* 13.199 ms*	12.284 ms	1859886	1338076	1295351	12.977 ms
rkyv 0.8.10	986.03 µs	2.2204 ms* 2.6625 ms*	2075936	1383779	1210377	13.746 ms
ron 0.10.1	44.081 ms	150.12 ms	8677703	2233642	1826180	35.838 ms
savefile 0.18.6	873.62 µs	2.5506 ms	1791505	1128012	1051153	10.681 ms
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	3.1568 ms	3.3145 ms	1319999	1064380	1010708	8.9453 ms
serde-brief 0.1.1	5.6084 ms	22.199 ms	6951772	1796265	1567819	23.945 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	4.8359 ms	5.0083 ms	1319999	1062645	1008349	9.0946 ms
speedy 0.8.7	747.00 µs	2.4601 ms	1584734	1119837	1037992	10.113 ms
wincode 0.5.3	596.56 µs	2.3296 ms	1791489	1127998	1051146	10.318 ms
wiring 0.2.4	649.92 µs	2.7587 ms	1791489	1156963	1082815	11.088 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	85.420 ns*	725.20 ns*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	58.045 ns	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	2.4926 ns* 5.7462 ms*	2.7558 µs* 5.7536 ms*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	1.2458 ns* 342.92 µs*	378.73 ns* 342.28 µs*	237.58 ns*
rkyv 0.8.10	1.2451 ns* 417.91 µs*	387.42 ns* 418.58 µs*	235.48 ns*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1013.0	11.10%* 19.87%*	15.24%	47.09%	62.06%	64.44%	3.01%
bin-proto 0.12.7	9.92%	19.54%	44.80%	71.21%	76.36%	3.41%
bincode 2.0.1	41.13%	34.72%	57.08%	71.86%	75.55%	3.66%
bincode 1.3.3	13.60%	27.99%	43.29%	70.34%	76.54%	3.36%
bitcode 0.6.6	73.10%	53.34%	82.64%	91.48%	94.40%	11.39%
borsh 1.5.7	17.31%	43.19%	52.74%	72.46%	77.29%	3.46%
capnp 0.23.2	22.35%	†	29.46%	51.92%	64.78%	2.39%
cbor: cbor4ii 1.0.0	15.49%	6.70%	13.35%	47.38%	54.79%	1.63%
cbor: ciborium 0.2.2	2.14%	2.41%	13.35%	47.38%	54.79%	1.60%
cbor: serde_cbor 0.11.2	5.13%	5.80%	13.35%	47.38%	54.79%	1.65%
columnar 0.11.1	55.78%	33.56% 100.00%*	51.96%	80.59%	89.48%	7.30%
compactly 0.1.6	0.79%	2.24%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
databuf 0.5.0	38.11%	33.42%	60.81%	75.59%	79.61%	3.84%
dlhn 0.1.7	11.34%	17.24%	61.21%	74.55%	76.73%	3.78%
flatbuffers 25.12.19	10.26%	†	34.51%	55.81%	63.30%	2.60%
flexbuffers 25.2.10	1.22%	3.52%	15.00%	30.22%	28.89%	1.02%
json: flexon 0.4.5	3.32%	5.16%	8.55%	33.58%	43.56%	1.01%
json: serde_json 1.0.140	2.28%	3.97%	8.55%	33.58%	43.56%	1.01%
json: simd-json 0.15.1	4.27%	4.90%	8.55%	33.58%	43.56%	1.00%
messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.1	53.60%	21.98%	55.02%	69.48%	70.55%	3.64%
messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.0	4.87%	11.58%	45.99%	63.67%	65.32%	2.88%
messagepack: zerompk 0.3.2	27.65%	22.92%	44.73%	63.06%	64.61%	2.91%
minicbor 1.0.0	21.06%	10.90%	45.16%	62.94%	64.08%	2.72%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	1.69%	7.63%	45.35%	62.86%	63.54%	2.81%
nanoserde 0.2.1	38.86%	45.32%	44.29%	70.78%	76.22%	3.36%
nibblecode 0.1.0	100.00%	†	38.67%	51.88%	55.76%	2.49%
postcard 1.1.1	27.20%	30.06%	61.21%	74.11%	77.08%	4.04%
pot 3.0.1	3.61%	4.18%	30.81%	54.19%	61.80%	2.14%
protobuf: prost 0.14.1	9.22%* 5.39%*	14.45%	43.16%	60.03%	61.97%	2.76%
protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2	8.61%* 3.85%*	10.27%	43.16%	60.03%	61.97%	2.74%
rkyv 0.8.10	51.50%	56.80%* 47.37%*	38.67%	58.05%	66.32%	2.59%
ron 0.10.1	1.15%	0.84%	9.25%	35.96%	43.95%	0.99%
savefile 0.18.6	58.12%	49.44%	44.80%	71.21%	76.36%	3.33%
scale: parity-scale-codec 3.7.5	16.08%	38.05%	60.81%	75.47%	79.42%	3.97%
serde-brief 0.1.1	9.05%	5.68%	11.55%	44.72%	51.20%	1.48%
serde_bare 0.5.0	10.50%	25.18%	60.81%	75.59%	79.60%	3.91%
speedy 0.8.7	67.97%	51.26%	50.65%	71.73%	77.33%	3.51%
wincode 0.5.3	85.11%	54.13%	44.80%	71.21%	76.36%	3.44%
wiring 0.2.4	78.13%	45.71%	44.80%	69.43%	74.13%	3.21%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.23.2	1.46%*	52.22%*	‡
columnar 0.11.1	2.15%	‡	‡
flatbuffers 25.12.19	49.95%* 0.00%*	13.74%* 0.01%*	‡
nibblecode 0.1.0	99.94%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 0.11%*	99.12%*
rkyv 0.8.10	100.00%* 0.00%*	97.76%* 0.09%*	100.00%*

Footnotes:

* mouse over for situational details

† this deserialization capability is not supported

‡ buffer mutation is not supported (capnp and flatbuffers may but not for rust)