Protocol History

April 22, 2026 ยท View on GitHub

The table below lists every mainnet Ethereum hardfork, its activation point, the EIPs it introduced, a link to its fork manifest in EELS, and the Ethereum Foundation announcement blog post.

Mainnet hardforks

Version and Code NameBlock No.ReleasedIncl EIPsFork SpecificationsBlog
Osaka239356942025-12-03EIP-7594
EIP-7642
EIP-7823
EIP-7825
EIP-7883
EIP-7892
EIP-7910
EIP-7917
EIP-7918
EIP-7934
EIP-7935
EIP-7939
EIP-7951		Hardfork Meta EIP-7607
Fork Manifest		Blog
Prague224310842025-05-07EIP-2537
EIP-2935
EIP-6110
EIP-7002
EIP-7251
EIP-7549
EIP-7623
EIP-7685
EIP-7691
EIP-7702		Hardfork Meta EIP-7600
Fork Manifest		Blog
Cancun194265872024-03-13
(1710338135)		EIP-1153
EIP-4788
EIP-4844
EIP-5656
EIP-6780
EIP-7044
EIP-7045
EIP-7514
EIP-7516		Hardfork Meta EIP-7569
Fork Manifest		Blog
Shanghai170348702023-04-12
(1681338455)		EIP-3651
EIP-3855
EIP-3860
EIP-4895		(Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		Blog
Paris155373942022-09-15EIP-3675
EIP-4399		(Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		Blog
Gray Glacier150500002022-06-30EIP-5133(Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		Blog
Arrow Glacier137730002021-12-09EIP-4345(Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		Blog
London129650002021-08-05EIP-1559
EIP-3198
EIP-3529
EIP-3541
EIP-3554		(Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		Blog
Berlin122440002021-04-15EIP-2565
EIP-2929
EIP-2718
EIP-2930		Hardfork Meta EIP-2070
(Backfill) Meta EIP-7568
Fork Manifest		Blog
Muir Glacier92000002020-01-02EIP-2384Hardfork Meta EIP-2387
Fork Manifest		Blog
Istanbul90690002019-12-07EIP-152
EIP-1108
EIP-1344
EIP-1884
EIP-2028
EIP-2200		Hardfork Meta EIP-1679
Fork Manifest		Blog
Petersburg72800002019-02-28EIP-145
EIP-1014
EIP-1052
EIP-1234		Hardfork Meta EIP-1716Blog
Constantinople72800002019-02-28EIP-145
EIP-1014
EIP-1052
EIP-1234
EIP-1283		Hardfork Meta EIP-1013
Fork Manifest		Blog
Byzantium43700002017-10-16EIP-100
EIP-140
EIP-196
EIP-197
EIP-198
EIP-211
EIP-214
EIP-649
EIP-658		Hardfork Meta EIP-609
Fork Manifest		Blog
Spurious Dragon26750002016-11-22EIP-155
EIP-160
EIP-161
EIP-170		Hardfork Meta EIP-607
Fork Manifest		Blog
Tangerine Whistle24630002016-10-18EIP-150Hardfork Meta EIP-608
Fork Manifest		Blog
DAO Fork19200002016-07-20Hardfork Meta EIP-779
Fork Manifest		Blog
DAO WarsabortedabortedBlog
Homestead11500002016-03-14EIP-2
EIP-7
EIP-8		Hardfork Meta EIP-606
Fork Manifest		Blog
Frontier Thawing2000002015-09-07Blog
Frontier12015-07-30Fork ManifestBlog

!!! note "Activation mechanism" Starting with Paris, updates are no longer rolled out based on block numbers. Paris was enabled once proof-of-work Total Difficulty reached 58750000000000000000000. As of Shanghai (at 1681338455), upgrade activation is based on timestamps.

Clarifications without a protocol release

Some clarifications were enabled without protocol releases:

EIPBlock No.
EIP-26810
EIP-36070
EIP-752315537394
EIP-76100