Weather: An Example of a Fully Instrumented System

The weather example is a fully instrumented system that is composed of three services:

• The location service makes requests to the ip-api.com web API to retrieve IP location information.
• The forecaster service makes requests to the weather.gov web API to retrieve weather forecast information.
• The front service exposes a public HTTP API that returns weather forecast information for a given IP. It makes requests to the location service followed by the forecaster service to collect the information.

Running the Example

The following should get you going:

scripts/setup
scripts/server

scripts/setup configures all the required dependencies and compiles the services. scripts/server runs the services using overmind. scripts/server also starts docker-compose with a configuration that runs a self-hosted deployment of SigNoz as backend for instrumentation.

Making a Request

Assuming you have a running weather system, you can make a request to the front service using the curl command as follows:

curl http://localhost:8084/forecast/8.8.8.8

If this returns successfully start the script that generates load:

scripts/load

Looking at Telemetry Data

To analyze traces open the SigNoz dashboard running on http://localhost:3301.

Instrumentation

Logging

The three services make use of the log package initialized in main:

ctx := log.Context(context.Background(),
    log.WithOutputs(log.Output{Writer: os.Stdout, Format: format}),
    log.WithFunc(log.Span),
)

The output configuration sets the format while the log.Span option adds the trace and span IDs to each log entry.

The front service uses the HTTP middleware to initialize the log context for for every request:

handler = log.HTTP(ctx)(handler)

The health check HTTP endpoints also use the log HTTP middleware to log errors:

check = log.HTTP(ctx)(check).(http.HandlerFunc)

The gRPC services (locator and forecaster) use the gRPC interceptor returned by log.UnaryServerInterceptor to initialize the log context for every request:

grpcsvr := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(
        log.UnaryServerInterceptor(ctx), // <--
        debug.UnaryServerInterceptor()), 
    grpc.StatsHandler(otelgrpc.NewServerHandler())) 

Metrics and Tracing

The example runs a self-hosted deployment of SigNoz as backend for instrumentation. Each service sends telemetry data to the OpenTelemetry collector running in the docker-compose configuration. The collector then forwards the data to the SigNoz backend.

The collector is configured in the main function of each service:

spanExporter, err := otlptracegrpc.New(ctx,
    otlptracegrpc.WithEndpoint(*oteladdr),
    otlptracegrpc.WithTLSCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()))
if err != nil {
    log.Fatalf(ctx, err, "failed to initialize tracing")
}
defer func() {
    if err := spanExporter.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
        log.Errorf(ctx, err, "failed to shutdown tracing")
    }
}()
metricExporter, err := otlpmetricgrpc.New(ctx,
    otlpmetricgrpc.WithEndpoint(*oteladdr),
    otlpmetricgrpc.WithTLSCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()))
if err != nil {
    log.Fatalf(ctx, err, "failed to initialize metrics")
}
defer func() {
    if err := metricExporter.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
        log.Errorf(ctx, err, "failed to shutdown metrics")
    }
}()
cfg, err := clue.NewConfig(ctx,
    genforecaster.ServiceName,
    genforecaster.APIVersion,
    metricExporter,
    spanExporter,
)
if err != nil {
    log.Fatalf(ctx, err, "failed to initialize instrumentation")
}
clue.ConfigureOpenTelemetry(ctx, cfg)

Clients of downstream services are also instrumented using OpenTelemetry. For example the following code creates an instrumented gRPC connection and uses it to create a client to the Locator service:

lcc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx,
    *locatorAddr,
    grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()),
    grpc.WithUnaryInterceptor(log.UnaryClientInterceptor()), // Log requests
    grpc.WithStatsHandler(otelgrpc.NewClientHandler()))      // Collect metrics and traces
if err != nil {
    log.Fatalf(ctx, err, "failed to connect to locator")
}
lc := locator.New(lcc) // Create client using instrumented connection

The example also showcases the instrumentation of clients to external services. For example, the Locator service demonstrates how the HTTP client used to create the IP Location service client is instrumented:

httpc := &http.Client{
    Transport: log.Client( // Log requests
        otelhttp.NewTransport(
            http.DefaultTransport,
            otelhttp.WithClientTrace(func(ctx context.Context) *httptrace.ClientTrace {
                return otelhttptrace.NewClientTrace(ctx)
            }), // Propagate traces
        ))}
ipc := ipapi.New(httpc)

Health Checks

Health checks are implemented using the health package, for example:

check := health.Handler(health.NewChecker(wc))

The front service also uses the health.NewPinger function to create a health checker for the forecaster and location services which both expose a /livez HTTP endpoint:

check := health.Handler(health.NewChecker(
        health.NewPinger("locator", "http", *locatorHealthAddr),
        health.NewPinger("forecaster", "http", *forecasterHealthAddr)))

The health check and metric handlers are mounted on a separate HTTP handler (the global http standard library handler) to avoid logging, tracing and otherwise instrumenting the corresponding requests.

http.Handle("/livez", check)
http.Handle("/metrics", instrument.Handler(ctx))

The service HTTP handler created by Goa - if any - is mounted onto the global handler under the root path so that all HTTP requests other than heath checks and metrics are passed to it:

http.Handle("/", handler)

Client Mocks

The front service define clients for both the locator and forecaster services under the clients directory. Each client is defined via a Client interface, for example:

// Client is a client for the forecast service.
Client interface {
        // GetForecast gets the forecast for the given location.
        GetForecast(ctx context.Context, lat, long float64) (*Forecast, error)
}

The interface is implemented by both a real and a mock client. The real client is instantiated via the New function in the client.go file:

// New instantiates a new forecast service client.
func New(cc *grpc.ClientConn) Client {
        c := genclient.NewClient(cc, grpc.WaitForReady(true))
        return &client{c.Forecast()}
}

The mock is instantiated via the NewClient function located in the mocks/client.go file that is generated using the cmg tool:

// NewMock returns a new mock client.
func NewClient(t *testing.T) *Client {
        var (
                m                     = &Client{mock.New(), t}
                _ = forecaster.Client = m
        )
        return m
}

The mock implementations make use of the mock package to make it possible to create call sequences and validate them:

type (
        // Mock implementation of the forecast client.
        Client struct {
                m *mock.Mock
                t *testing.T
        }

        ClientGetForecastFunc func(ctx context.Context, lat, long float64) (*forecaster.Forecast, error)
)

// AddGetForecastFunc adds f to the mocked call sequence.
func (m *Client) AddGetForecast(f ClientGetForecastFunc) {
        m.m.Add("GetForecast", f)
}

// SetGetForecastFunc sets f for all calls to the mocked method.
func (m *Client) SetGetForecast(f ClientGetForecastFunc) {
        m.m.Set("GetForecast", f)
}

// GetForecast implements the Client interface.
func (m *Client) GetForecast(ctx context.Context, lat, long float64) (*forecaster.Forecast, error) {
        if f := m.m.Next("GetForecast"); f != nil {
                return f.(ClientGetForecastFunc)(ctx, lat, long)
        }
        m.t.Helper()
        m.t.Error("unexpected GetForecast call")
        return nil, nil
}

Tests leverage the AddGetForecast and SetGetForecast methods to configure the mock client:

lmock := mocklocator.NewClient(t)
lmock.AddGetLocation(c.locationFunc) // Mock the locator service.
fmock := mockforecaster.NewClient(t)
fmock.AddGetForecast(c.forecastFunc) // Mock the forecast service.
s := New(fmock, lmock) // Create front service instance for testing

The mock package is also used to create mocks for web services (ip-api.com and weather.gov) in the location and forecaster services.

Bug

A bug was intentionally left in the code to demonstrate how useful instrumentation can be, can you find it? If you do let us know on the Gophers slack Goa channel!