6.1 Counter

The following is a simple 8-bit counter. It resets back to 0 when the clear signal is high and counts up when the incr signal is high. Otherwise, it holds its previous value.

Design

open Hardcaml
open Hardcaml.Signal
open Hardcaml_waveterm

module I = struct
  type 'a t =
    { clock : 'a
    ; clear : 'a
    ; incr : 'a
    }
  [@@deriving hardcaml]
end

module O = struct
  type 'a t =
    { dout : 'a[@bits 8]
    }
  [@@deriving hardcaml]
end

# let create (i : _ I.t) =
    { O.dout =
        reg_fb
          (Reg_spec.create ~clock:i.clock ~clear:i.clear ())
          ~enable:i.incr
          ~width:8
          ~f:(fun d -> d +:. 1)
    }
val create : t I.t -> t O.t = <fun>

This design, although simple, shows the usual pattern for defining a circuit in Hardcaml. The inputs and outputs of the circuit are specified using interfaces, and the circuit is built using a function which takes an input interface and returns an output interface.

The implementation uses the reg_fb function. This constructs a register with feedback. Let's look at each argument in turn.

• Reg_spec.t packages up the clock and synchronous clear signal. There are various other arguments which can control an asynchronous reset, rising or falling clock edge and so on.
• enable: when high the register will load a new value. Otherwise, it holds its previous value.
• width is the bit width of the register.
• f: this function receives the current value of the register, and computes the next value. In this case, it increments it by one.

Testbench

The following is a simple testbench for the counter which shows its behavior for different values of clear and incr.

The purpose of a testbench is to set values for the inputs of a circuit and check what values this causes the outputs to take over time.

module Simulator = Cyclesim.With_interface(I)(O)

# let testbench (create_design_fn : t I.t -> t O.t) =
    (* Construct the simulation and get its input and output ports. *)
    let sim = Simulator.create create_design_fn in
    let inputs : _ I.t = Cyclesim.inputs sim in
    let outputs : _ O.t = Cyclesim.outputs sim in
    (* Perform a clock cycle.  Apply the given values to [incr] and [clear].
       Printf the current values of [dout]. *)
    let step ~clear ~incr =
      inputs.clear := if clear=1 then Bits.vdd else Bits.gnd;
      inputs.incr := if incr=1 then Bits.vdd else Bits.gnd;
      Stdio.printf "dout='%s'\n" (Bits.to_string !(outputs.dout));
      Cyclesim.cycle sim
    in
    (* Run the counter for 6 clock cycles. *)
    step ~clear:0 ~incr:0;
    step ~clear:0 ~incr:1;
    step ~clear:0 ~incr:1;
    step ~clear:1 ~incr:0;
    step ~clear:0 ~incr:0;
    step ~clear:0 ~incr:0
  ;;
val testbench : (t I.t -> t O.t) -> unit = <fun>

# testbench create
dout='00000000'
dout='00000000'
dout='00000001'
dout='00000010'
dout='00000000'
dout='00000000'
- : unit = ()

Two other implementations

With a wire

The following implementation shows what is actually happening within the reg_fb function. First, a wire is created that can be read when we construct a register. It is assigned after we have the register output.

Wires allow us to describe cyclic logic structures in Hardcaml. Note that all such cycles in a hardware design must pass through a sequential element such as a register or memory. Cyclic paths that do not are called combinational loops, and Hardcaml will detect and raise an error if one is found.

# let counter_with_wire (i : _ I.t) =
    let w = wire 8 in
    let dout =
      reg
        (Reg_spec.create ~clock:i.clock ~clear:i.clear ())
        ~enable:i.incr
        (w +:. 1)
    in
    w <-- dout;
    { O.dout }
val counter_with_wire : t I.t -> t O.t = <fun>
# testbench counter_with_wire
dout='00000000'
dout='00000000'
dout='00000001'
dout='00000010'
dout='00000000'
dout='00000000'
- : unit = ()

With the Always DSL

We can also describe the counter with the Always DSL.

Note that we could have encoded the clear and increment logic when we constructed the Always.Variable.reg. The Always fragment would then have only consisted of an assignment to dout.

# let counter_with_always (i : _ I.t) =
    let dout =
      Always.Variable.reg
        (Reg_spec.create ~clock:i.clock ())
        ~enable:vdd
        ~width:8
    in
    Always.(compile [
        if_ i.clear
          [ dout <--. 0;]
          [ when_ i.incr
            [ dout <-- dout.value +:. 1 ]
          ]
    ]);
    { O.dout = dout.value}
val counter_with_always : t I.t -> t O.t = <fun>
# testbench counter_with_always
dout='00000000'
dout='00000000'
dout='00000001'
dout='00000010'
dout='00000000'
dout='00000000'
- : unit = ()