Benchmark 100K Profiles

July 11, 2026 · View on GitHub

Charts

Execution Time

Write Throughput

Lookup Throughput

Index Scan Throughput

Query Throughput

Resource Footprint

Total By Engine

Engine	Status	Run time	Completed phase time	Pre-read stabilize	Post-update stabilize	Settle	Reopen	Verify	Storage	Process peak memory	Final checksum
ZoneTree	Completed	9_223 ms	8_378 ms	194 ms	182 ms	16 ms	42 ms	7 ms	7.4 MB	440.5 MB	`1C7232F217FD84C5`
RocksDB	Completed	19_335 ms	18_721 ms	130 ms	214 ms	0 ms	89 ms	19 ms	31.8 MB	163.6 MB	`1C7232F217FD84C5`
SQLite	Completed	45_642 ms	45_559 ms	n/a	n/a	17 ms	0 ms	1 ms	28.3 MB	140.7 MB	`1C7232F217FD84C5`
MySQL	Completed	40_643 ms	40_222 ms	n/a	n/a	1 ms	3 ms	6 ms	33.2 MB	100.3 MB	`1C7232F217FD84C5`

Correctness

Checksum validation passed across completed engines: ZoneTree, RocksDB, SQLite, MySQL.

Interpretation Notes

This benchmark measures live single-operation profile inserts, updates, reads, and indexed queries.
ZoneTree and RocksDB secondary indexes are maintained by the benchmark application using separate stores.
SQLite and MySQL maintain secondary indexes inside the database engine.
MySQL is measured as a client/server database over TCP.
Embedded engines run in the benchmark process.
Completed phase time is the sum of measured workload phases. Run time also includes initialization, stabilization, settle/checkpoint, reopen, verification, and reporting overhead.
The write throughput chart includes raw write phases and derived write-readiness bars that add the following stabilization phase.
Storage is measured after each engine settles or checkpoints its data.
Process peak memory is measured for the benchmark process. For MySQL, this excludes MySQL server/container memory.

Write Readiness

Engine	Insert	Pre-read stabilize	Insert + stabilize	Insert ready throughput	Update	Post-update stabilize	Update + stabilize	Update ready throughput
ZoneTree	528 ms	194 ms	722 ms	138_571/s	584 ms	182 ms	766 ms	130_570/s
RocksDB	533 ms	130 ms	663 ms	150_801/s	976 ms	214 ms	1_190 ms	84_032/s
SQLite	15_985 ms	n/a	15_985 ms	6_256/s	12_664 ms	n/a	12_664 ms	7_897/s
MySQL	3_910 ms	n/a	3_910 ms	25_577/s	5_411 ms	n/a	5_411 ms	18_482/s

Phase Results

ZoneTree

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	100_000	528 ms	189_385/s	`37C6E9056D5AC045`
read by user id	100_000	188 ms	533_046/s	`3C75C3A02940F75F`
lookup by email	100_000	358 ms	279_315/s	`8EACBB38279A3446`
scan country/status index	25_000	538 ms	46_497/s	`550DE764BD164CCC`
query country/status	25_000	1_380 ms	18_118/s	`8A71BD4E88816061`
scan created-at index	25_000	150 ms	166_148/s	`1BED8F615F0CDA9D`
query created-at range	25_000	1_045 ms	23_914/s	`DD87F18F9230D64C`
scan top reputation index	25_000	120 ms	207_880/s	`5045A3EB2C7535C5`
query top reputation	25_000	860 ms	29_062/s	`3C71031ED8049A9D`
update profiles	100_000	584 ms	171_148/s	`FA3F051A503B5D43`
post-update read by user id	100_000	71 ms	1_403_521/s	`2AD19D2C2B2F8F3D`
post-update lookup by email	100_000	219 ms	457_290/s	`6B8148031A502EBA`
post-update scan country/status index	25_000	136 ms	184_230/s	`D57DAE36F8AAE9C3`
post-update query country/status	25_000	1_228 ms	20_365/s	`1583D5A1C67A8B7C`
post-update scan top reputation index	25_000	117 ms	213_246/s	`4EAFA92C8AA7C495`
post-update query top reputation	25_000	856 ms	29_201/s	`8A0AD194E6834A4D`

RocksDB

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	100_000	533 ms	187_637/s	`37C6E9056D5AC045`
read by user id	100_000	265 ms	377_300/s	`3C75C3A02940F75F`
lookup by email	100_000	384 ms	260_691/s	`8EACBB38279A3446`
scan country/status index	25_000	428 ms	58_430/s	`550DE764BD164CCC`
query country/status	25_000	2_917 ms	8_570/s	`8A71BD4E88816061`
scan created-at index	25_000	320 ms	78_215/s	`1BED8F615F0CDA9D`
query created-at range	25_000	2_898 ms	8_626/s	`DD87F18F9230D64C`
scan top reputation index	25_000	278 ms	89_871/s	`5045A3EB2C7535C5`
query top reputation	25_000	2_783 ms	8_982/s	`3C71031ED8049A9D`
update profiles	100_000	976 ms	102_437/s	`FA3F051A503B5D43`
post-update read by user id	100_000	247 ms	404_245/s	`2AD19D2C2B2F8F3D`
post-update lookup by email	100_000	353 ms	283_223/s	`6B8148031A502EBA`
post-update scan country/status index	25_000	290 ms	86_183/s	`D57DAE36F8AAE9C3`
post-update query country/status	25_000	2_935 ms	8_518/s	`1583D5A1C67A8B7C`
post-update scan top reputation index	25_000	277 ms	90_226/s	`4EAFA92C8AA7C495`
post-update query top reputation	25_000	2_837 ms	8_813/s	`8A0AD194E6834A4D`

SQLite

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	100_000	15_985 ms	6_256/s	`37C6E9056D5AC045`
read by user id	100_000	255 ms	391_954/s	`3C75C3A02940F75F`
lookup by email	100_000	287 ms	348_029/s	`8EACBB38279A3446`
scan country/status index	25_000	451 ms	55_469/s	`550DE764BD164CCC`
query country/status	25_000	2_869 ms	8_715/s	`8A71BD4E88816061`
scan created-at index	25_000	433 ms	57_717/s	`1BED8F615F0CDA9D`
query created-at range	25_000	2_566 ms	9_743/s	`DD87F18F9230D64C`
scan top reputation index	25_000	387 ms	64_682/s	`5045A3EB2C7535C5`
query top reputation	25_000	2_731 ms	9_154/s	`3C71031ED8049A9D`
update profiles	100_000	12_664 ms	7_897/s	`FA3F051A503B5D43`
post-update read by user id	100_000	218 ms	458_837/s	`2AD19D2C2B2F8F3D`
post-update lookup by email	100_000	284 ms	352_135/s	`6B8148031A502EBA`
post-update scan country/status index	25_000	437 ms	57_238/s	`D57DAE36F8AAE9C3`
post-update query country/status	25_000	2_875 ms	8_696/s	`1583D5A1C67A8B7C`
post-update scan top reputation index	25_000	381 ms	65_637/s	`4EAFA92C8AA7C495`
post-update query top reputation	25_000	2_738 ms	9_131/s	`8A0AD194E6834A4D`

MySQL

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	100_000	3_910 ms	25_577/s	`37C6E9056D5AC045`
read by user id	100_000	1_906 ms	52_464/s	`3C75C3A02940F75F`
lookup by email	100_000	2_076 ms	48_180/s	`8EACBB38279A3446`
scan country/status index	25_000	1_429 ms	17_496/s	`550DE764BD164CCC`
query country/status	25_000	3_614 ms	6_917/s	`8A71BD4E88816061`
scan created-at index	25_000	1_138 ms	21_973/s	`1BED8F615F0CDA9D`
query created-at range	25_000	3_421 ms	7_308/s	`DD87F18F9230D64C`
scan top reputation index	25_000	979 ms	25_524/s	`5045A3EB2C7535C5`
query top reputation	25_000	3_269 ms	7_647/s	`3C71031ED8049A9D`
update profiles	100_000	5_411 ms	18_482/s	`FA3F051A503B5D43`
post-update read by user id	100_000	1_874 ms	53_374/s	`2AD19D2C2B2F8F3D`
post-update lookup by email	100_000	2_068 ms	48_363/s	`6B8148031A502EBA`
post-update scan country/status index	25_000	1_403 ms	17_817/s	`D57DAE36F8AAE9C3`
post-update query country/status	25_000	3_551 ms	7_040/s	`1583D5A1C67A8B7C`
post-update scan top reputation index	25_000	970 ms	25_775/s	`4EAFA92C8AA7C495`
post-update query top reputation	25_000	3_203 ms	7_804/s	`8A0AD194E6834A4D`

Configuration

Profiles: 100_000
Profile writes: individual operations
UserId reads: 100_000
Email lookups: 100_000
Query count: 25_000
Profile updates: 100_000
Post-update UserId reads: 100_000
Post-update email lookups: 100_000
Post-update query count: 25_000
Query limit: 100
Seed: 570123434
Timeout: 120_000 seconds per engine

Environment

OS: Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
Architecture: X64
.NET: 10.0.9
CPU: AMD EPYC 4345P 8-Core Processor
Logical processors: 16
Total available memory: 60.4 GB
Initial process working set: 56.9 MB

Engine Settings

ZoneTree

MutableSegmentMaxItemCount: 250000
SparseArrayStepSize: 16
KeyCacheSize: 1024
ValueCacheSize: 1024
IteratorPrefetchSize: 16
BlockCacheLifeTime: 1 minutes
BottomMergePolicy: Full bottom merge when bottom segment count exceeds 1
ReadStabilization: Settle before read/query phases

RocksDB

Databases: profiles,email-index,country-status-index,created-at-index,reputation-index
Compression: Zstd
WriteBufferMb: 1024
MaxWriteBufferNumber: 4
WriteSync: false
ReadStabilization: Compact before read/query phases

SQLite

JournalMode: WAL
Synchronous: NORMAL
CacheMb: 1024
MmapMb: 1024
TempStore: MEMORY

MySQL

Host: 127.0.0.1
Port: 3306
Database: profilebench
User: root

Durability Settings

ZoneTree: AsyncCompressed WAL default; MutableSegmentMaxItemCount=250000; SparseArrayStepSize=16; KeyCacheSize=1024; ValueCacheSize=1024; IteratorPrefetchSize=16; BlockCacheLifeTime=1 minutes; application-managed secondary indexes; background maintainers enabled.
RocksDB: WAL enabled; five separate RocksDB instances; no WriteBatch across indexes; compression=Zstd; write_buffer_size=1024 MB per database; max_write_buffer_number=4.
SQLite: WAL journal mode; synchronous=NORMAL; cache=1024 MB; mmap=1024 MB; native SQL indexes; single-row writes use autocommit.
MySQL: InnoDB; benchmark Docker disables binlog, sets innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=2 and sync_binlog=0; native SQL indexes; single-row writes use autocommit.