Benchmark 100M Profiles

Charts

Execution Time

Write Throughput

Lookup Throughput

Index Scan Throughput

Query Throughput

Resource Footprint

Total By Engine

Engine	Status	Run time	Completed phase time	Pre-read stabilize	Post-update stabilize	Settle	Reopen	Verify	Storage	Process peak memory	Final checksum
ZoneTree	Completed	15_211_870 ms	14_876_499 ms	72_094 ms	213_421 ms	46 ms	6_166 ms	42_588 ms	7.4 GB	56.3 GB	4E408868CAFD4857
RocksDB	Completed	26_163_586 ms	25_261_865 ms	467_556 ms	412_322 ms	0 ms	158 ms	21_305 ms	12.4 GB	11.1 GB	4E408868CAFD4857

Correctness

Checksum validation passed across completed engines: ZoneTree, RocksDB.

Interpretation Notes

• This benchmark measures live single-operation profile inserts, updates, reads, and indexed queries.
• ZoneTree and RocksDB secondary indexes are maintained by the benchmark application using separate stores.
• Embedded engines run in the benchmark process.
• Completed phase time is the sum of measured workload phases. Run time also includes initialization, stabilization, settle/checkpoint, reopen, verification, and reporting overhead.
• The write throughput chart includes raw write phases and derived write-readiness bars that add the following stabilization phase.
• Storage is measured after each engine settles or checkpoints its data.
• Process peak memory is measured for the benchmark process.

Write Readiness

Engine	Insert	Pre-read stabilize	Insert + stabilize	Insert ready throughput	Update	Post-update stabilize	Update + stabilize	Update ready throughput
ZoneTree	816_344 ms	72_094 ms	888_438 ms	112_557/s	3_526_941 ms	213_421 ms	3_740_362 ms	26_735/s
RocksDB	975_579 ms	467_556 ms	1_443_135 ms	69_294/s	3_488_173 ms	412_322 ms	3_900_494 ms	25_638/s

Phase Results

ZoneTree

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	100_000_000	816_344 ms	122_497/s	FCB46248E0D81425
read by user id	100_000_000	284_645 ms	351_315/s	67AE5B5CBB949FF2
lookup by email	100_000_000	688_776 ms	145_185/s	194BD509DF206EEF
scan country/status index	25_000_000	184_348 ms	135_613/s	E5AD445D8FD41F6E
query country/status	25_000_000	1_397_633 ms	17_887/s	CB50E4518707DF74
scan created-at index	25_000_000	269_914 ms	92_622/s	BAA51FE433523875
query created-at range	25_000_000	2_466_040 ms	10_138/s	2686C0AE1BD960A6
scan top reputation index	25_000_000	125_808 ms	198_716/s	7A98B23B6A0990A5
query top reputation	25_000_000	869_563 ms	28_750/s	26ACD96F896D94A5
update profiles	100_000_000	3_526_941 ms	28_353/s	F7A87BCF70BA626A
post-update read by user id	100_000_000	361_216 ms	276_843/s	554A87520F10E43D
post-update lookup by email	100_000_000	773_479 ms	129_286/s	1745396EBE06F8E3
post-update scan country/status index	25_000_000	187_726 ms	133_173/s	5740FFFEAB8201F8
post-update query country/status	25_000_000	1_617_944 ms	15_452/s	D31B1C12613C4ED1
post-update scan top reputation index	25_000_000	122_923 ms	203_380/s	6AF8CAC8CCE4AD25
post-update query top reputation	25_000_000	1_183_199 ms	21_129/s	1BE71DE9C349B225

RocksDB

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	100_000_000	975_579 ms	102_503/s	FCB46248E0D81425
read by user id	100_000_000	539_978 ms	185_193/s	67AE5B5CBB949FF2
lookup by email	100_000_000	1_044_958 ms	95_698/s	194BD509DF206EEF
scan country/status index	25_000_000	301_223 ms	82_995/s	E5AD445D8FD41F6E
query country/status	25_000_000	3_047_132 ms	8_204/s	CB50E4518707DF74
scan created-at index	25_000_000	509_790 ms	49_040/s	BAA51FE433523875
query created-at range	25_000_000	3_661_163 ms	6_828/s	2686C0AE1BD960A6
scan top reputation index	25_000_000	275_059 ms	90_890/s	7A98B23B6A0990A5
query top reputation	25_000_000	3_160_258 ms	7_911/s	26ACD96F896D94A5
update profiles	100_000_000	3_488_173 ms	28_668/s	F7A87BCF70BA626A
post-update read by user id	100_000_000	533_499 ms	187_442/s	554A87520F10E43D
post-update lookup by email	100_000_000	1_041_403 ms	96_024/s	1745396EBE06F8E3
post-update scan country/status index	25_000_000	298_707 ms	83_694/s	5740FFFEAB8201F8
post-update query country/status	25_000_000	3_097_923 ms	8_070/s	D31B1C12613C4ED1
post-update scan top reputation index	25_000_000	273_433 ms	91_430/s	6AF8CAC8CCE4AD25
post-update query top reputation	25_000_000	3_013_588 ms	8_296/s	1BE71DE9C349B225

Configuration

• Profiles: 100_000_000
• Profile writes: individual operations
• UserId reads: 100_000_000
• Email lookups: 100_000_000
• Query count: 25_000_000
• Profile updates: 100_000_000
• Post-update UserId reads: 100_000_000
• Post-update email lookups: 100_000_000
• Post-update query count: 25_000_000
• Query limit: 100
• Seed: 570123434
• Timeout: 120_000 seconds per engine

Environment

• OS: Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
• Architecture: X64
• .NET: 10.0.9
• CPU: AMD EPYC 4345P 8-Core Processor
• Logical processors: 16
• Total available memory: 60.4 GB
• Initial process working set: 6.6 GB

Engine Settings

ZoneTree

• MutableSegmentMaxItemCount: 250000
• SparseArrayStepSize: 16
• KeyCacheSize: 1024
• ValueCacheSize: 1024
• IteratorPrefetchSize: 16
• BlockCacheLifeTime: 1 minutes
• BottomMergePolicy: Full bottom merge when bottom segment count exceeds 1
• ReadStabilization: Settle before read/query phases

RocksDB

• Databases: profiles,email-index,country-status-index,created-at-index,reputation-index
• Compression: Zstd
• WriteBufferMb: 1024
• MaxWriteBufferNumber: 4
• WriteSync: false
• ReadStabilization: Compact before read/query phases

Durability Settings

• ZoneTree: AsyncCompressed WAL default; MutableSegmentMaxItemCount=250000; SparseArrayStepSize=16; KeyCacheSize=1024; ValueCacheSize=1024; IteratorPrefetchSize=16; BlockCacheLifeTime=1 minutes; application-managed secondary indexes; background maintainers enabled.
• RocksDB: WAL enabled; five separate RocksDB instances; no WriteBatch across indexes; compression=Zstd; write_buffer_size=1024 MB per database; max_write_buffer_number=4.