Benchmark 10M Profiles

Charts

Execution Time

Write Throughput

Lookup Throughput

Index Scan Throughput

Query Throughput

Resource Footprint

Total By Engine

Engine	Status	Run time	Completed phase time	Pre-read stabilize	Post-update stabilize	Settle	Reopen	Verify	Storage	Process peak memory	Final checksum
ZoneTree	Completed	1_037_916 ms	1_003_624 ms	11_319 ms	21_475 ms	34 ms	639 ms	8 ms	730.0 MB	20.2 GB	78E34B89C21C4B51
RocksDB	Completed	2_267_368 ms	2_246_395 ms	5_874 ms	12_487 ms	0 ms	52 ms	2_175 ms	2.0 GB	2.9 GB	78E34B89C21C4B51

Correctness

Checksum validation passed across completed engines: ZoneTree, RocksDB.

Interpretation Notes

• This benchmark measures live single-operation profile inserts, updates, reads, and indexed queries.
• ZoneTree and RocksDB secondary indexes are maintained by the benchmark application using separate stores.
• Embedded engines run in the benchmark process.
• Completed phase time is the sum of measured workload phases. Run time also includes initialization, stabilization, settle/checkpoint, reopen, verification, and reporting overhead.
• The write throughput chart includes raw write phases and derived write-readiness bars that add the following stabilization phase.
• Storage is measured after each engine settles or checkpoints its data.
• Process peak memory is measured for the benchmark process.

Write Readiness

Engine	Insert	Pre-read stabilize	Insert + stabilize	Insert ready throughput	Update	Post-update stabilize	Update + stabilize	Update ready throughput
ZoneTree	61_305 ms	11_319 ms	72_624 ms	137_696/s	205_745 ms	21_475 ms	227_220 ms	44_010/s
RocksDB	57_008 ms	5_874 ms	62_881 ms	159_030/s	204_026 ms	12_487 ms	216_512 ms	46_187/s

Phase Results

ZoneTree

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	10_000_000	61_305 ms	163_119/s	07762AC56C55E0A5
read by user id	10_000_000	14_612 ms	684_376/s	F4608F0DA193D0D9
lookup by email	10_000_000	37_524 ms	266_497/s	ADE91BF4BD85A55B
scan country/status index	2_500_000	14_682 ms	170_280/s	FBF42B2AEF322871
query country/status	2_500_000	128_968 ms	19_385/s	590A469174D5C47A
scan created-at index	2_500_000	19_293 ms	129_581/s	AA7BB5512A595F45
query created-at range	2_500_000	137_209 ms	18_220/s	D5F1890132634766
scan top reputation index	2_500_000	11_524 ms	216_943/s	C813C20204E07EE5
query top reputation	2_500_000	79_346 ms	31_508/s	7F5BB4ED96D5DEE5
update profiles	10_000_000	205_745 ms	48_604/s	6BDE7DC8A52F666F
post-update read by user id	10_000_000	14_518 ms	688_809/s	5D5C9BD3AB671AA6
post-update lookup by email	10_000_000	37_267 ms	268_331/s	D68F7DE2F29ABC22
post-update scan country/status index	2_500_000	14_702 ms	170_042/s	F0F2E613042BB2C5
post-update query country/status	2_500_000	130_125 ms	19_212/s	BE9E7BB15662BF49
post-update scan top reputation index	2_500_000	11_503 ms	217_336/s	E1890D959DA900A5
post-update query top reputation	2_500_000	85_302 ms	29_308/s	B57C8C02E31652A5

RocksDB

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	10_000_000	57_008 ms	175_415/s	07762AC56C55E0A5
read by user id	10_000_000	44_080 ms	226_863/s	F4608F0DA193D0D9
lookup by email	10_000_000	85_513 ms	116_942/s	ADE91BF4BD85A55B
scan country/status index	2_500_000	29_793 ms	83_913/s	FBF42B2AEF322871
query country/status	2_500_000	305_075 ms	8_195/s	590A469174D5C47A
scan created-at index	2_500_000	46_090 ms	54_241/s	AA7BB5512A595F45
query created-at range	2_500_000	348_998 ms	7_163/s	D5F1890132634766
scan top reputation index	2_500_000	27_152 ms	92_074/s	C813C20204E07EE5
query top reputation	2_500_000	304_148 ms	8_220/s	7F5BB4ED96D5DEE5
update profiles	10_000_000	204_026 ms	49_013/s	6BDE7DC8A52F666F
post-update read by user id	10_000_000	47_916 ms	208_701/s	5D5C9BD3AB671AA6
post-update lookup by email	10_000_000	89_672 ms	111_518/s	D68F7DE2F29ABC22
post-update scan country/status index	2_500_000	29_363 ms	85_140/s	F0F2E613042BB2C5
post-update query country/status	2_500_000	304_905 ms	8_199/s	BE9E7BB15662BF49
post-update scan top reputation index	2_500_000	26_980 ms	92_661/s	E1890D959DA900A5
post-update query top reputation	2_500_000	295_678 ms	8_455/s	B57C8C02E31652A5

Configuration

• Profiles: 10_000_000
• Profile writes: individual operations
• UserId reads: 10_000_000
• Email lookups: 10_000_000
• Query count: 2_500_000
• Profile updates: 10_000_000
• Post-update UserId reads: 10_000_000
• Post-update email lookups: 10_000_000
• Post-update query count: 2_500_000
• Query limit: 100
• Seed: 570123434
• Timeout: 120_000 seconds per engine

Environment

• OS: Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
• Architecture: X64
• .NET: 10.0.9
• CPU: AMD EPYC 4345P 8-Core Processor
• Logical processors: 16
• Total available memory: 60.4 GB
• Initial process working set: 708.3 MB

Engine Settings

ZoneTree

• MutableSegmentMaxItemCount: 250000
• SparseArrayStepSize: 16
• KeyCacheSize: 1024
• ValueCacheSize: 1024
• IteratorPrefetchSize: 16
• BlockCacheLifeTime: 1 minutes
• BottomMergePolicy: Full bottom merge when bottom segment count exceeds 1
• ReadStabilization: Settle before read/query phases

RocksDB

• Databases: profiles,email-index,country-status-index,created-at-index,reputation-index
• Compression: Zstd
• WriteBufferMb: 1024
• MaxWriteBufferNumber: 4
• WriteSync: false
• ReadStabilization: Compact before read/query phases

Durability Settings

• ZoneTree: AsyncCompressed WAL default; MutableSegmentMaxItemCount=250000; SparseArrayStepSize=16; KeyCacheSize=1024; ValueCacheSize=1024; IteratorPrefetchSize=16; BlockCacheLifeTime=1 minutes; application-managed secondary indexes; background maintainers enabled.
• RocksDB: WAL enabled; five separate RocksDB instances; no WriteBatch across indexes; compression=Zstd; write_buffer_size=1024 MB per database; max_write_buffer_number=4.