Benchmark 1M Profiles

July 11, 2026 · View on GitHub

Charts

Execution Time

Write Throughput

Lookup Throughput

Index Scan Throughput

Query Throughput

Resource Footprint

Total By Engine

Engine	Status	Run time	Completed phase time	Pre-read stabilize	Post-update stabilize	Settle	Reopen	Verify	Storage	Process peak memory	Final checksum
ZoneTree	Completed	86_870 ms	82_010 ms	1_765 ms	2_368 ms	95 ms	156 ms	8 ms	73.4 MB	2.5 GB	`B7578931045C8FC5`
RocksDB	Completed	211_242 ms	206_326 ms	1_634 ms	2_809 ms	0 ms	44 ms	181 ms	313.3 MB	639.4 MB	`B7578931045C8FC5`
SQLite	Completed	554_394 ms	554_199 ms	n/a	n/a	128 ms	0 ms	2 ms	284.6 MB	769.8 MB	`B7578931045C8FC5`
MySQL	Completed	413_523 ms	413_262 ms	n/a	n/a	1 ms	3 ms	43 ms	311.7 MB	166.9 MB	`B7578931045C8FC5`

Correctness

Checksum validation passed across completed engines: ZoneTree, RocksDB, SQLite, MySQL.

Interpretation Notes

This benchmark measures live single-operation profile inserts, updates, reads, and indexed queries.
ZoneTree and RocksDB secondary indexes are maintained by the benchmark application using separate stores.
SQLite and MySQL maintain secondary indexes inside the database engine.
MySQL is measured as a client/server database over TCP.
Embedded engines run in the benchmark process.
Completed phase time is the sum of measured workload phases. Run time also includes initialization, stabilization, settle/checkpoint, reopen, verification, and reporting overhead.
The write throughput chart includes raw write phases and derived write-readiness bars that add the following stabilization phase.
Storage is measured after each engine settles or checkpoints its data.
Process peak memory is measured for the benchmark process. For MySQL, this excludes MySQL server/container memory.

Write Readiness

Engine	Insert	Pre-read stabilize	Insert + stabilize	Insert ready throughput	Update	Post-update stabilize	Update + stabilize	Update ready throughput
ZoneTree	4_905 ms	1_765 ms	6_670 ms	149_925/s	10_270 ms	2_368 ms	12_637 ms	79_132/s
RocksDB	5_355 ms	1_634 ms	6_990 ms	143_070/s	13_908 ms	2_809 ms	16_717 ms	59_820/s
SQLite	219_596 ms	n/a	219_596 ms	4_554/s	163_694 ms	n/a	163_694 ms	6_109/s
MySQL	31_778 ms	n/a	31_778 ms	31_468/s	62_963 ms	n/a	62_963 ms	15_882/s

Phase Results

ZoneTree

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	1_000_000	4_905 ms	203_874/s	`70EEB1E90366F6E5`
read by user id	1_000_000	964 ms	1_037_418/s	`0FB577C390019AC8`
lookup by email	1_000_000	2_179 ms	458_825/s	`9C199CC596F7AC10`
scan country/status index	250_000	1_691 ms	147_818/s	`B3350AAEFBCE068F`
query country/status	250_000	12_735 ms	19_631/s	`11A194A99CB7D634`
scan created-at index	250_000	1_727 ms	144_780/s	`E3FE4E613ABE23A5`
query created-at range	250_000	11_107 ms	22_507/s	`B8595B9702849552`
scan top reputation index	250_000	1_127 ms	221_877/s	`FD457DADD7424105`
query top reputation	250_000	8_509 ms	29_382/s	`B472892F8C7EF235`
update profiles	1_000_000	10_270 ms	97_375/s	`2440ADD57E65500B`
post-update read by user id	1_000_000	899 ms	1_111_751/s	`7DB9AA24CC9A8B8E`
post-update lookup by email	1_000_000	2_123 ms	470_936/s	`43569B6DA38ACCB5`
post-update scan country/status index	250_000	1_497 ms	167_055/s	`896A595A5F979F99`
post-update query country/status	250_000	12_925 ms	19_342/s	`EF5D80897CBF7824`
post-update scan top reputation index	250_000	1_130 ms	221_172/s	`905E8A81EE9017E5`
post-update query top reputation	250_000	8_221 ms	30_410/s	`1A17E74A9E34D635`

RocksDB

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	1_000_000	5_355 ms	186_730/s	`70EEB1E90366F6E5`
read by user id	1_000_000	3_548 ms	281_840/s	`0FB577C390019AC8`
lookup by email	1_000_000	6_739 ms	148_379/s	`9C199CC596F7AC10`
scan country/status index	250_000	2_984 ms	83_790/s	`B3350AAEFBCE068F`
query country/status	250_000	29_568 ms	8_455/s	`11A194A99CB7D634`
scan created-at index	250_000	4_291 ms	58_259/s	`E3FE4E613ABE23A5`
query created-at range	250_000	32_592 ms	7_670/s	`B8595B9702849552`
scan top reputation index	250_000	2_783 ms	89_830/s	`FD457DADD7424105`
query top reputation	250_000	29_008 ms	8_618/s	`B472892F8C7EF235`
update profiles	1_000_000	13_908 ms	71_903/s	`2440ADD57E65500B`
post-update read by user id	1_000_000	3_608 ms	277_178/s	`7DB9AA24CC9A8B8E`
post-update lookup by email	1_000_000	6_819 ms	146_653/s	`43569B6DA38ACCB5`
post-update scan country/status index	250_000	2_928 ms	85_390/s	`896A595A5F979F99`
post-update query country/status	250_000	30_163 ms	8_288/s	`EF5D80897CBF7824`
post-update scan top reputation index	250_000	2_768 ms	90_324/s	`905E8A81EE9017E5`
post-update query top reputation	250_000	29_263 ms	8_543/s	`1A17E74A9E34D635`

SQLite

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	1_000_000	219_596 ms	4_554/s	`70EEB1E90366F6E5`
read by user id	1_000_000	2_446 ms	408_850/s	`0FB577C390019AC8`
lookup by email	1_000_000	3_458 ms	289_196/s	`9C199CC596F7AC10`
scan country/status index	250_000	4_417 ms	56_598/s	`B3350AAEFBCE068F`
query country/status	250_000	28_739 ms	8_699/s	`11A194A99CB7D634`
scan created-at index	250_000	4_363 ms	57_303/s	`E3FE4E613ABE23A5`
query created-at range	250_000	26_320 ms	9_498/s	`B8595B9702849552`
scan top reputation index	250_000	3_735 ms	66_928/s	`FD457DADD7424105`
query top reputation	250_000	27_228 ms	9_182/s	`B472892F8C7EF235`
update profiles	1_000_000	163_694 ms	6_109/s	`2440ADD57E65500B`
post-update read by user id	1_000_000	2_444 ms	409_096/s	`7DB9AA24CC9A8B8E`
post-update lookup by email	1_000_000	3_462 ms	288_809/s	`43569B6DA38ACCB5`
post-update scan country/status index	250_000	4_364 ms	57_290/s	`896A595A5F979F99`
post-update query country/status	250_000	28_786 ms	8_685/s	`EF5D80897CBF7824`
post-update scan top reputation index	250_000	3_751 ms	66_657/s	`905E8A81EE9017E5`
post-update query top reputation	250_000	27_396 ms	9_126/s	`1A17E74A9E34D635`

MySQL

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	1_000_000	31_778 ms	31_468/s	`70EEB1E90366F6E5`
read by user id	1_000_000	19_397 ms	51_553/s	`0FB577C390019AC8`
lookup by email	1_000_000	22_003 ms	45_448/s	`9C199CC596F7AC10`
scan country/status index	250_000	13_506 ms	18_511/s	`B3350AAEFBCE068F`
query country/status	250_000	37_179 ms	6_724/s	`11A194A99CB7D634`
scan created-at index	250_000	11_741 ms	21_292/s	`E3FE4E613ABE23A5`
query created-at range	250_000	36_349 ms	6_878/s	`B8595B9702849552`
scan top reputation index	250_000	9_643 ms	25_926/s	`FD457DADD7424105`
query top reputation	250_000	34_542 ms	7_238/s	`B472892F8C7EF235`
update profiles	1_000_000	62_963 ms	15_882/s	`2440ADD57E65500B`
post-update read by user id	1_000_000	19_517 ms	51_237/s	`7DB9AA24CC9A8B8E`
post-update lookup by email	1_000_000	22_199 ms	45_047/s	`43569B6DA38ACCB5`
post-update scan country/status index	250_000	13_391 ms	18_670/s	`896A595A5F979F99`
post-update query country/status	250_000	36_584 ms	6_834/s	`EF5D80897CBF7824`
post-update scan top reputation index	250_000	9_701 ms	25_771/s	`905E8A81EE9017E5`
post-update query top reputation	250_000	32_771 ms	7_629/s	`1A17E74A9E34D635`

Configuration

Profiles: 1_000_000
Profile writes: individual operations
UserId reads: 1_000_000
Email lookups: 1_000_000
Query count: 250_000
Profile updates: 1_000_000
Post-update UserId reads: 1_000_000
Post-update email lookups: 1_000_000
Post-update query count: 250_000
Query limit: 100
Seed: 570123434
Timeout: 120_000 seconds per engine

Environment

OS: Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
Architecture: X64
.NET: 10.0.9
CPU: AMD EPYC 4345P 8-Core Processor
Logical processors: 16
Total available memory: 60.4 GB
Initial process working set: 115.4 MB

Engine Settings

ZoneTree

MutableSegmentMaxItemCount: 250000
SparseArrayStepSize: 16
KeyCacheSize: 1024
ValueCacheSize: 1024
IteratorPrefetchSize: 16
BlockCacheLifeTime: 1 minutes
BottomMergePolicy: Full bottom merge when bottom segment count exceeds 1
ReadStabilization: Settle before read/query phases

RocksDB

Databases: profiles,email-index,country-status-index,created-at-index,reputation-index
Compression: Zstd
WriteBufferMb: 1024
MaxWriteBufferNumber: 4
WriteSync: false
ReadStabilization: Compact before read/query phases

SQLite

JournalMode: WAL
Synchronous: NORMAL
CacheMb: 1024
MmapMb: 1024
TempStore: MEMORY

MySQL

Host: 127.0.0.1
Port: 3306
Database: profilebench
User: root

Durability Settings

ZoneTree: AsyncCompressed WAL default; MutableSegmentMaxItemCount=250000; SparseArrayStepSize=16; KeyCacheSize=1024; ValueCacheSize=1024; IteratorPrefetchSize=16; BlockCacheLifeTime=1 minutes; application-managed secondary indexes; background maintainers enabled.
RocksDB: WAL enabled; five separate RocksDB instances; no WriteBatch across indexes; compression=Zstd; write_buffer_size=1024 MB per database; max_write_buffer_number=4.
SQLite: WAL journal mode; synchronous=NORMAL; cache=1024 MB; mmap=1024 MB; native SQL indexes; single-row writes use autocommit.
MySQL: InnoDB; benchmark Docker disables binlog, sets innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=2 and sync_binlog=0; native SQL indexes; single-row writes use autocommit.