Benchmark 2M Profiles

July 11, 2026 · View on GitHub

Charts

Execution Time

Write Throughput

Lookup Throughput

Index Scan Throughput

Query Throughput

Resource Footprint

Total By Engine

Engine	Status	Run time	Completed phase time	Pre-read stabilize	Post-update stabilize	Settle	Reopen	Verify	Storage	Process peak memory	Final checksum
ZoneTree	Completed	181_390 ms	173_393 ms	3_171 ms	4_104 ms	17 ms	150 ms	9 ms	147.6 MB	3.3 GB	`A7EB98FFC773884D`
RocksDB	Completed	429_036 ms	422_502 ms	1_947 ms	3_965 ms	0 ms	45 ms	363 ms	623.2 MB	1.1 GB	`A7EB98FFC773884D`
SQLite	Completed	1_062_037 ms	1_061_894 ms	n/a	n/a	61 ms	0 ms	2 ms	569.6 MB	1.4 GB	`A7EB98FFC773884D`
MySQL	Completed	807_028 ms	806_726 ms	n/a	n/a	1 ms	3 ms	83 ms	618.1 MB	234.9 MB	`A7EB98FFC773884D`

Correctness

Checksum validation passed across completed engines: ZoneTree, RocksDB, SQLite, MySQL.

Interpretation Notes

This benchmark measures live single-operation profile inserts, updates, reads, and indexed queries.
ZoneTree and RocksDB secondary indexes are maintained by the benchmark application using separate stores.
SQLite and MySQL maintain secondary indexes inside the database engine.
MySQL is measured as a client/server database over TCP.
Embedded engines run in the benchmark process.
Completed phase time is the sum of measured workload phases. Run time also includes initialization, stabilization, settle/checkpoint, reopen, verification, and reporting overhead.
The write throughput chart includes raw write phases and derived write-readiness bars that add the following stabilization phase.
Storage is measured after each engine settles or checkpoints its data.
Process peak memory is measured for the benchmark process. For MySQL, this excludes MySQL server/container memory.

Write Readiness

Engine	Insert	Pre-read stabilize	Insert + stabilize	Insert ready throughput	Update	Post-update stabilize	Update + stabilize	Update ready throughput
ZoneTree	10_985 ms	3_171 ms	14_156 ms	141_281/s	27_451 ms	4_104 ms	31_555 ms	63_381/s
RocksDB	11_009 ms	1_947 ms	12_957 ms	154_360/s	30_965 ms	3_965 ms	34_930 ms	57_257/s
SQLite	320_953 ms	n/a	320_953 ms	6_231/s	393_971 ms	n/a	393_971 ms	5_077/s
MySQL	59_427 ms	n/a	59_427 ms	33_655/s	114_801 ms	n/a	114_801 ms	17_421/s

Phase Results

ZoneTree

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	2_000_000	10_985 ms	182_070/s	`4F24F178E189EEA5`
read by user id	2_000_000	2_062 ms	970_010/s	`94FEA7BBDF9EB16F`
lookup by email	2_000_000	5_143 ms	388_867/s	`7911E6F89610C9DB`
scan country/status index	500_000	3_161 ms	158_199/s	`560B74664AA52578`
query country/status	500_000	25_152 ms	19_879/s	`FCF2C9270FA9B0B9`
scan created-at index	500_000	3_502 ms	142_770/s	`C8D3546404935759`
query created-at range	500_000	23_198 ms	21_554/s	`C3FDD5908A1458BA`
scan top reputation index	500_000	2_082 ms	240_191/s	`E7D19A7DA1270425`
query top reputation	500_000	16_003 ms	31_244/s	`5DFA72D2DB36D325`
update profiles	2_000_000	27_451 ms	72_856/s	`1100814B966927C5`
post-update read by user id	2_000_000	2_063 ms	969_623/s	`B004A4D20A4A3848`
post-update lookup by email	2_000_000	4_978 ms	401_774/s	`D353A40B4BEBE4B5`
post-update scan country/status index	500_000	3_013 ms	165_926/s	`A45CF3AB6613BF9E`
post-update query country/status	500_000	25_483 ms	19_621/s	`7899EECCB1694A86`
post-update scan top reputation index	500_000	2_254 ms	221_836/s	`629516A23DD07125`
post-update query top reputation	500_000	16_864 ms	29_648/s	`15A3B24C38088C25`

RocksDB

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	2_000_000	11_009 ms	181_662/s	`4F24F178E189EEA5`
read by user id	2_000_000	7_349 ms	272_133/s	`94FEA7BBDF9EB16F`
lookup by email	2_000_000	14_443 ms	138_471/s	`7911E6F89610C9DB`
scan country/status index	500_000	5_933 ms	84_270/s	`560B74664AA52578`
query country/status	500_000	59_838 ms	8_356/s	`FCF2C9270FA9B0B9`
scan created-at index	500_000	8_846 ms	56_520/s	`C8D3546404935759`
query created-at range	500_000	66_680 ms	7_498/s	`C3FDD5908A1458BA`
scan top reputation index	500_000	5_550 ms	90_094/s	`E7D19A7DA1270425`
query top reputation	500_000	59_155 ms	8_452/s	`5DFA72D2DB36D325`
update profiles	2_000_000	30_965 ms	64_589/s	`1100814B966927C5`
post-update read by user id	2_000_000	7_483 ms	267_256/s	`B004A4D20A4A3848`
post-update lookup by email	2_000_000	14_695 ms	136_105/s	`D353A40B4BEBE4B5`
post-update scan country/status index	500_000	5_962 ms	83_866/s	`A45CF3AB6613BF9E`
post-update query country/status	500_000	60_380 ms	8_281/s	`7899EECCB1694A86`
post-update scan top reputation index	500_000	5_433 ms	92_030/s	`629516A23DD07125`
post-update query top reputation	500_000	58_779 ms	8_506/s	`15A3B24C38088C25`

SQLite

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	2_000_000	320_953 ms	6_231/s	`4F24F178E189EEA5`
read by user id	2_000_000	4_945 ms	404_469/s	`94FEA7BBDF9EB16F`
lookup by email	2_000_000	7_204 ms	277_620/s	`7911E6F89610C9DB`
scan country/status index	500_000	8_828 ms	56_640/s	`560B74664AA52578`
query country/status	500_000	58_875 ms	8_493/s	`FCF2C9270FA9B0B9`
scan created-at index	500_000	8_851 ms	56_489/s	`C8D3546404935759`
query created-at range	500_000	53_102 ms	9_416/s	`C3FDD5908A1458BA`
scan top reputation index	500_000	7_529 ms	66_413/s	`E7D19A7DA1270425`
query top reputation	500_000	55_484 ms	9_012/s	`5DFA72D2DB36D325`
update profiles	2_000_000	393_971 ms	5_077/s	`1100814B966927C5`
post-update read by user id	2_000_000	4_945 ms	404_482/s	`B004A4D20A4A3848`
post-update lookup by email	2_000_000	7_240 ms	276_253/s	`D353A40B4BEBE4B5`
post-update scan country/status index	500_000	8_789 ms	56_892/s	`A45CF3AB6613BF9E`
post-update query country/status	500_000	58_213 ms	8_589/s	`7899EECCB1694A86`
post-update scan top reputation index	500_000	7_539 ms	66_318/s	`629516A23DD07125`
post-update query top reputation	500_000	55_427 ms	9_021/s	`15A3B24C38088C25`

MySQL

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	2_000_000	59_427 ms	33_655/s	`4F24F178E189EEA5`
read by user id	2_000_000	38_793 ms	51_555/s	`94FEA7BBDF9EB16F`
lookup by email	2_000_000	44_318 ms	45_129/s	`7911E6F89610C9DB`
scan country/status index	500_000	26_917 ms	18_575/s	`560B74664AA52578`
query country/status	500_000	73_834 ms	6_772/s	`FCF2C9270FA9B0B9`
scan created-at index	500_000	23_679 ms	21_116/s	`C8D3546404935759`
query created-at range	500_000	72_299 ms	6_916/s	`C3FDD5908A1458BA`
scan top reputation index	500_000	19_206 ms	26_034/s	`E7D19A7DA1270425`
query top reputation	500_000	68_032 ms	7_350/s	`5DFA72D2DB36D325`
update profiles	2_000_000	114_801 ms	17_421/s	`1100814B966927C5`
post-update read by user id	2_000_000	39_021 ms	51_255/s	`B004A4D20A4A3848`
post-update lookup by email	2_000_000	44_460 ms	44_984/s	`D353A40B4BEBE4B5`
post-update scan country/status index	500_000	26_839 ms	18_630/s	`A45CF3AB6613BF9E`
post-update query country/status	500_000	72_737 ms	6_874/s	`7899EECCB1694A86`
post-update scan top reputation index	500_000	19_414 ms	25_754/s	`629516A23DD07125`
post-update query top reputation	500_000	62_950 ms	7_943/s	`15A3B24C38088C25`

Configuration

Profiles: 2_000_000
Profile writes: individual operations
UserId reads: 2_000_000
Email lookups: 2_000_000
Query count: 500_000
Profile updates: 2_000_000
Post-update UserId reads: 2_000_000
Post-update email lookups: 2_000_000
Post-update query count: 500_000
Query limit: 100
Seed: 570123434
Timeout: 120_000 seconds per engine

Environment

OS: Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
Architecture: X64
.NET: 10.0.9
CPU: AMD EPYC 4345P 8-Core Processor
Logical processors: 16
Total available memory: 60.4 GB
Initial process working set: 173.7 MB

Engine Settings

ZoneTree

MutableSegmentMaxItemCount: 250000
SparseArrayStepSize: 16
KeyCacheSize: 1024
ValueCacheSize: 1024
IteratorPrefetchSize: 16
BlockCacheLifeTime: 1 minutes
BottomMergePolicy: Full bottom merge when bottom segment count exceeds 1
ReadStabilization: Settle before read/query phases

RocksDB

Databases: profiles,email-index,country-status-index,created-at-index,reputation-index
Compression: Zstd
WriteBufferMb: 1024
MaxWriteBufferNumber: 4
WriteSync: false
ReadStabilization: Compact before read/query phases

SQLite

JournalMode: WAL
Synchronous: NORMAL
CacheMb: 1024
MmapMb: 1024
TempStore: MEMORY

MySQL

Host: 127.0.0.1
Port: 3306
Database: profilebench
User: root

Durability Settings

ZoneTree: AsyncCompressed WAL default; MutableSegmentMaxItemCount=250000; SparseArrayStepSize=16; KeyCacheSize=1024; ValueCacheSize=1024; IteratorPrefetchSize=16; BlockCacheLifeTime=1 minutes; application-managed secondary indexes; background maintainers enabled.
RocksDB: WAL enabled; five separate RocksDB instances; no WriteBatch across indexes; compression=Zstd; write_buffer_size=1024 MB per database; max_write_buffer_number=4.
SQLite: WAL journal mode; synchronous=NORMAL; cache=1024 MB; mmap=1024 MB; native SQL indexes; single-row writes use autocommit.
MySQL: InnoDB; benchmark Docker disables binlog, sets innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=2 and sync_binlog=0; native SQL indexes; single-row writes use autocommit.