Benchmark 5M Profiles

Charts

Execution Time

Write Throughput

Lookup Throughput

Index Scan Throughput

Query Throughput

Resource Footprint

Total By Engine

Engine	Status	Run time	Completed phase time	Pre-read stabilize	Post-update stabilize	Settle	Reopen	Verify	Storage	Process peak memory	Final checksum
ZoneTree	Completed	482_675 ms	465_911 ms	4_743 ms	11_025 ms	17 ms	313 ms	8 ms	367.0 MB	6.4 GB	46D8A7E801AF2C78
RocksDB	Completed	1_096_116 ms	1_083_778 ms	4_369 ms	6_788 ms	0 ms	48 ms	905 ms	1.5 GB	2.2 GB	46D8A7E801AF2C78

Correctness

Checksum validation passed across completed engines: ZoneTree, RocksDB.

Interpretation Notes

• This benchmark measures live single-operation profile inserts, updates, reads, and indexed queries.
• ZoneTree and RocksDB secondary indexes are maintained by the benchmark application using separate stores.
• Embedded engines run in the benchmark process.
• Completed phase time is the sum of measured workload phases. Run time also includes initialization, stabilization, settle/checkpoint, reopen, verification, and reporting overhead.
• The write throughput chart includes raw write phases and derived write-readiness bars that add the following stabilization phase.
• Storage is measured after each engine settles or checkpoints its data.
• Process peak memory is measured for the benchmark process.

Write Readiness

Engine	Insert	Pre-read stabilize	Insert + stabilize	Insert ready throughput	Update	Post-update stabilize	Update + stabilize	Update ready throughput
ZoneTree	29_378 ms	4_743 ms	34_120 ms	146_540/s	91_359 ms	11_025 ms	102_384 ms	48_836/s
RocksDB	28_300 ms	4_369 ms	32_669 ms	153_050/s	89_846 ms	6_788 ms	96_635 ms	51_741/s

Phase Results

ZoneTree

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	5_000_000	29_378 ms	170_197/s	1CE7E98CB02A5BE5
read by user id	5_000_000	6_055 ms	825_705/s	AEA5A1780B272814
lookup by email	5_000_000	15_075 ms	331_678/s	8C938BAD6D81DE32
scan country/status index	1_250_000	7_195 ms	173_736/s	14F9C1B4EC5C77A4
query country/status	1_250_000	63_469 ms	19_695/s	BE695CC5C1575C79
scan created-at index	1_250_000	9_426 ms	132_605/s	D829C2BE1D8D7CE9
query created-at range	1_250_000	61_383 ms	20_364/s	9522258E5C41C535
scan top reputation index	1_250_000	5_283 ms	236_600/s	57554D37E1C53C65
query top reputation	1_250_000	40_126 ms	31_152/s	C5D2EF10F82C5265
update profiles	5_000_000	91_359 ms	54_729/s	AD890A8797F25027
post-update read by user id	5_000_000	6_156 ms	812_174/s	537ED4CF9543514D
post-update lookup by email	5_000_000	15_177 ms	329_450/s	F71390337A010BCF
post-update scan country/status index	1_250_000	7_031 ms	177_781/s	0CC5E86584E76211
post-update query country/status	1_250_000	62_010 ms	20_158/s	25EFC06A4834C76C
post-update scan top reputation index	1_250_000	5_438 ms	229_846/s	99CD00E2A0593D45
post-update query top reputation	1_250_000	41_349 ms	30_231/s	BB9901538093B4C5

RocksDB

Phase	Operations	Time	Throughput	Checksum
insert profiles	5_000_000	28_300 ms	176_681/s	1CE7E98CB02A5BE5
read by user id	5_000_000	19_200 ms	260_421/s	AEA5A1780B272814
lookup by email	5_000_000	38_793 ms	128_891/s	8C938BAD6D81DE32
scan country/status index	1_250_000	15_284 ms	81_784/s	14F9C1B4EC5C77A4
query country/status	1_250_000	148_662 ms	8_408/s	BE695CC5C1575C79
scan created-at index	1_250_000	22_667 ms	55_147/s	D829C2BE1D8D7CE9
query created-at range	1_250_000	168_968 ms	7_398/s	9522258E5C41C535
scan top reputation index	1_250_000	14_331 ms	87_226/s	57554D37E1C53C65
query top reputation	1_250_000	149_858 ms	8_341/s	C5D2EF10F82C5265
update profiles	5_000_000	89_846 ms	55_651/s	AD890A8797F25027
post-update read by user id	5_000_000	19_552 ms	255_732/s	537ED4CF9543514D
post-update lookup by email	5_000_000	39_374 ms	126_986/s	F71390337A010BCF
post-update scan country/status index	1_250_000	15_193 ms	82_276/s	0CC5E86584E76211
post-update query country/status	1_250_000	150_737 ms	8_293/s	25EFC06A4834C76C
post-update scan top reputation index	1_250_000	14_226 ms	87_868/s	99CD00E2A0593D45
post-update query top reputation	1_250_000	148_789 ms	8_401/s	BB9901538093B4C5

Configuration

• Profiles: 5_000_000
• Profile writes: individual operations
• UserId reads: 5_000_000
• Email lookups: 5_000_000
• Query count: 1_250_000
• Profile updates: 5_000_000
• Post-update UserId reads: 5_000_000
• Post-update email lookups: 5_000_000
• Post-update query count: 1_250_000
• Query limit: 100
• Seed: 570123434
• Timeout: 120_000 seconds per engine

Environment

• OS: Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
• Architecture: X64
• .NET: 10.0.9
• CPU: AMD EPYC 4345P 8-Core Processor
• Logical processors: 16
• Total available memory: 60.4 GB
• Initial process working set: 371.9 MB

Engine Settings

ZoneTree

• MutableSegmentMaxItemCount: 250000
• SparseArrayStepSize: 16
• KeyCacheSize: 1024
• ValueCacheSize: 1024
• IteratorPrefetchSize: 16
• BlockCacheLifeTime: 1 minutes
• BottomMergePolicy: Full bottom merge when bottom segment count exceeds 1
• ReadStabilization: Settle before read/query phases

RocksDB

• Databases: profiles,email-index,country-status-index,created-at-index,reputation-index
• Compression: Zstd
• WriteBufferMb: 1024
• MaxWriteBufferNumber: 4
• WriteSync: false
• ReadStabilization: Compact before read/query phases

Durability Settings

• ZoneTree: AsyncCompressed WAL default; MutableSegmentMaxItemCount=250000; SparseArrayStepSize=16; KeyCacheSize=1024; ValueCacheSize=1024; IteratorPrefetchSize=16; BlockCacheLifeTime=1 minutes; application-managed secondary indexes; background maintainers enabled.
• RocksDB: WAL enabled; five separate RocksDB instances; no WriteBatch across indexes; compression=Zstd; write_buffer_size=1024 MB per database; max_write_buffer_number=4.