Embedded MCP Server

The testing backend includes an embedded MCP (Model Context Protocol) server that allows MCP-compatible clients (e.g. Claude Code) to inspect and interact with a running Slint application over HTTP. This document covers the architecture and internals for developers working on internal/backends/testing/.

Overview

The MCP server shares a common introspection layer with the system-testing (protobuf/TCP) transport. Both transports use the same IntrospectionState for window and element tracking, the same protobuf-derived types for data structures, and the same ElementHandle API for interacting with the UI. The MCP transport adds a thin JSON-RPC/HTTP wrapper on top.

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│         Slint Application (event loop)      │
├──────────────────┬──────────────────────────┤
│                  │  introspection.rs         │
│                  │  IntrospectionState       │
│                  │  (window/element arenas)  │
│       ┌──────────┴──────────┐               │
│       │                     │               │
│  systest.rs            mcp_server.rs        │
│  (TCP/protobuf)        (HTTP/JSON-RPC)      │
│  system-testing        mcp feature          │
│  feature                                    │
└───────┴─────────────────────┴───────────────┘

Feature Gating

The MCP server is controlled by two layers:

1. Cargo feature mcp — Compiles the MCP server code. Defined in internal/backends/testing/Cargo.toml, forwarded through internal/backends/selector/Cargo.toml, and exposed as the public slint/mcp feature.

2. Environment variable SLINT_MCP_PORT — Controls whether the server actually starts at runtime. If not set, mcp_server::init() returns immediately with no overhead.

Enabling for a Slint Application

See the README for setup instructions.

Initialization Flow

Initialization is triggered from the backend selector (internal/backends/selector/api.rs) after the platform is successfully created:

1. mcp_server::init() checks SLINT_MCP_PORT. If absent, returns early.
2. Calls introspection::ensure_window_tracking() to install a window-shown hook that registers windows with the shared IntrospectionState.
3. Installs a second window-shown hook that lazily starts the TCP listener on the first window show. The server task is spawned onto the Slint event loop via context.spawn_local().

The lazy start via OnceCell ensures the server only binds the port once the application has an event loop running and a window to inspect.

Shared Introspection Layer (introspection.rs)

IntrospectionState

The central data structure, stored as a thread-local Rc<IntrospectionState>:

• windows — Arena<TrackedWindow>: tracks live windows via weak references to their WindowAdapter.
• element_handles — Arena<ElementHandle>: maps arena indices to ElementHandle instances.
• element_handle_order — VecDeque<Index>: tracks insertion order for FIFO eviction.

Handle System

Both transports use generational_arena::Index internally. The proto Handle type ({index, generation}) is the wire format — index_to_handle() and handle_to_index() convert between them.

Handles are generational: if an element is evicted and its arena slot reused, stale handles are detected because the generation won't match.

FIFO Eviction

The element arena is capped at 10,000 entries (ELEMENT_HANDLE_CAP). When the cap is exceeded, the oldest handles are evicted (FIFO order), with one exception: root element handles for tracked windows are never evicted — they are pushed to the back of the queue instead.

Validity Checking

When a handle is resolved via IntrospectionState::element(), the returned ElementHandle is checked with is_valid(). If the underlying UI element has been destroyed (e.g. the component was removed), the stale handle is cleaned up and an error is returned.

MCP Transport (mcp_server.rs)

Protocol

The server implements MCP's Streamable HTTP transport:

• Endpoint: POST /mcp (or POST /)
• Content-Type: application/json
• JSON-RPC 2.0 messages

The server is stateless (no session management). Each request is a single JSON-RPC call — batch requests are rejected.

HTTP Server

The HTTP server is built directly on async-net (async TCP) and httparse (HTTP/1.1 parsing), with no framework dependency. It supports:

• HTTP/1.1 keep-alive (persistent connections)
• CORS preflight (OPTIONS) for browser-based clients
• Origin validation: only localhost, 127.0.0.1, and ::1 origins are accepted
• 4 MB maximum body size

Security

• Localhost only: the server binds to 127.0.0.1, not 0.0.0.0.
• Origin validation: cross-origin requests from non-localhost origins are rejected with 403.
• No authentication: since the server is localhost-only and intended for development/testing, there is no auth mechanism.

Tool Dispatch

Tool calls arrive as tools/call JSON-RPC methods. The handle_tool_call() function dispatches by tool name. All tools deserialize parameters into proto request types (leveraging pbjson-generated Deserialize impls), call methods on IntrospectionState, and serialize the response back to JSON.

MCP Instructions

The initialize response includes a detailed instructions field that guides MCP clients through the workflow, handle format, enum values, and query syntax. This is the primary documentation that AI clients see when connecting.

Proto Build Pipeline (build.rs)

Both system-testing and mcp features trigger the same build pipeline:

1. protox compiles slint_systest.proto (pure-Rust, no external protoc needed)
2. prost-build generates Rust structs from the proto descriptors → proto.rs
3. pbjson-build generates Serialize/Deserialize impls → proto.serde.rs

The MCP transport uses the serde_json-based serialization, while the system-testing transport uses prost's binary encoding. Both share the same proto types.

Adding a New Tool

1. Add request and response message types to slint_systest.proto. The build pipeline will auto-generate the JSON schema for the MCP tool's inputSchema.
2. Add a ToolDef entry to the TOOLS table in mcp_server.rs with name, description, proto request type, and optional fields.
3. Add a match arm in handle_tool_call().
4. If the tool needs new introspection capabilities, add methods to IntrospectionState in introspection.rs so both transports can use them.
5. Update the instructions string in the initialize response if the new tool changes the recommended workflow.

Key Files

File	Purpose
internal/backends/testing/introspection.rs	Shared IntrospectionState, arena management, window/element operations
internal/backends/testing/mcp_server.rs	HTTP server, JSON-RPC dispatch, MCP tool definitions
internal/backends/testing/systest.rs	System-testing TCP/protobuf transport (shares introspection layer)
internal/backends/testing/slint_systest.proto	Protobuf definitions (source of truth for data types)
internal/backends/testing/build.rs	Proto compilation pipeline
internal/backends/selector/api.rs	Backend initialization, MCP server startup hook