Production-grade multi-asset portfolio construction and backtesting in Python — from covariance estimation to rolling optimisation to factsheet reporting, in a single pipeline that handles real-world data

Papers: Sepp, A. (2023), Optimal Allocation to Cryptocurrencies in Diversified Portfolios, Risk Magazine — SSRN 4217841 · Sepp, A., Ossa, I. and Kastenholz, M. (2026), Robust Optimization of Strategic and Tactical Asset Allocation for Multi-Asset Portfolios, The Journal of Portfolio Management, 52(4), 86–120 · Sepp, A., Hansen, E. and Kastenholz, M. (2026), Capital Market Assumptions and Strategic Asset Allocation Using Multi-Asset Tradable Factors — SSRN 6785958. See References.

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Why optimalportfolios

Most Python portfolio optimisation packages (PyPortfolioOpt, Riskfolio-Lib, skfolio) solve single-period allocation problems: given a covariance matrix and expected returns, find the optimal weights. This is useful for textbook exercises but insufficient for running a real multi-asset portfolio.

optimalportfolios solves the production problem end-to-end: estimate covariance → compute alpha signals → optimise with constraints → rebalance on schedule → backtest with transaction costs — all in a single roll-forward pipeline that handles incomplete data, mixed-frequency assets, and illiquid positions.

Key differentiators

Production multi-asset portfolio construction. The package implements the full pipeline from the ROSAA framework: factor model covariance estimation (via factorlasso) → risk-budgeted SAA → alpha signal computation → TE-constrained TAA → rolling backtest. No other open-source package handles universes where equities rebalance monthly, alternatives rebalance quarterly, and private equity enters the allocation set only when sufficient return history is available. The constraint system (weight bounds, group allocation limits, tracking error budgets, turnover controls, rebalancing indicators for frozen positions) matches what real institutional PM teams need.

HCGL factor covariance estimation. The Hierarchical Clustering Group LASSO factor model (published in JPM, 2026) produces sparse, structured covariance matrices for heterogeneous multi-asset universes. The LASSO/Group LASSO/HCGL solver is implemented in the standalone factorlasso package — a general-purpose sparse factor model estimator with sign constraints, prior-centered regularisation, and scikit-learn compatible API. optimalportfolios builds on top of factorlasso with finance-specific functionality: FactorCovarEstimator handles multi-frequency asset returns, rolling estimation schedules, factor covariance assembly (Σ_y = β Σ_x β' + D), and integration with qis for performance attribution. The separation means the LASSO solver can be used independently for any multi-output regression problem (genomics, macro-econometrics), while the portfolio-specific rolling pipeline stays in optimalportfolios.

Drift-aware rolling backtests (new in v5.3.1). Turnover constraints and transaction-cost penalties act on the realised current holdings, not the previous target. This eliminates the "phantom turnover budget" issue where the optimiser thinks it's trading X but the NAV simulator actually trades X·(1 + drift fraction). Controlled by OptimiserConfig.use_drifted_weights_0 (default True); set to False to reproduce pre-v5.3.1 behaviour for legacy comparisons.

NaN-aware rolling backtesting. The three-layer architecture (solver / wrapper / rolling) automatically handles real-world data: assets with missing prices receive zero weight, assets entering the universe mid-sample are included when sufficient history is available, and the rebalancing indicator system freezes illiquid positions at their current weight while re-optimising the liquid portion. When the freeze produces group-constraint overshoots due to drift, the constraint is relaxed for that rebalance with a logged warning rather than aborting. No data cleaning or pre-filtering required.

Research-backed methodology. The package is the reference implementation for the ROSAA framework published in The Journal of Portfolio Management (Sepp, Ossa, Kastenholz, 2026). The optimisation solvers, covariance estimators, and alpha signals are battle-tested on live multi-asset portfolios.

Quick-start: offline rolling backtest

import qis
from optimalportfolios import (
    Constraints,
    EwmaCovarEstimator,
    PortfolioObjective,
    compute_rolling_optimal_weights,
)
from optimalportfolios.tests.data.multiasset import load_multiasset_data

prices = load_multiasset_data().prices.iloc[-120:, :4]
time_period = qis.TimePeriod(prices.index[0], prices.index[-1])

# estimate covariance → optimise → get rolling weights
estimator = EwmaCovarEstimator(returns_freq='ME', span=24, rebalancing_freq='QE')
covar_dict = estimator.fit_rolling_covars(prices=prices, time_period=time_period)
weights = compute_rolling_optimal_weights(prices=prices,
                                          portfolio_objective=PortfolioObjective.MAX_DIVERSIFICATION,
                                          constraints=Constraints(is_long_only=True),
                                          time_period=time_period,
                                          covar_dict=covar_dict)

# backtest with transaction costs
portfolio = qis.backtest_model_portfolio(prices=prices.loc[weights.index[0]:], weights=weights,
                                         rebalancing_costs=0.001, ticker='MaxDiv')

The committed multi-asset fixture keeps this example offline. The same pipeline supports price panels with NaNs and different start dates, while preserving roll-forward estimation (no hindsight bias) and drift-aware turnover accounting.

Design scope

The optimisation solvers use quadratic and conic objective functions (variance, tracking error, Sharpe ratio, diversification ratio, CARA utility). The package does not implement non-quadratic risk measures (CVaR, MAD, drawdown constraints). For these, use Riskfolio-Lib or skfolio. The solver architecture (three-layer: mathematical / wrapper / rolling) makes it straightforward to add new solvers — each solver lives in its own module in optimization/general, optimization/saa, or optimization/taa and plugs into the rolling backtester via a single dispatch function.

Package overview

optimalportfolios/
├── config.py                      # PortfolioObjective enum
├── alphas/                        # Alpha signal computation
│   ├── signals/                   # momentum, carry, low_beta, residual momentum/reversal,
│   │                              #   managers_alpha, rolling_ewma_mean
│   ├── profile/                   # Signal profiling
│   ├── alpha_data.py              # AlphasData container
│   ├── backtest_alphas.py         # Signal backtesting tool
│   └── signal_diagnostics.py      # Signal IC-IR and risk-contribution diagnostics
├── covar_estimation/              # Covariance matrix estimation
│   ├── covar_estimator.py         # CovarEstimator ABC
│   ├── ewma_covar_estimator.py    # EwmaCovarEstimator
│   ├── factor_covar_estimator.py  # FactorCovarEstimator (uses factorlasso)
│   ├── risk_model_adapter.py      # Canonical qis.RiskModel adapter
│   ├── risk_labelling.py          # Cluster and factor risk labelling
│   └── covar_reporting.py         # Rolling covariance diagnostics
├── optimization/                  # Portfolio optimisation
│   ├── constraints.py             # Constraints, GroupLowerUpperConstraints
│   ├── config.py                  # OptimiserConfig (incl. use_drifted_weights_0)
│   ├── covar_factorization.py     # Stabilised covariance and square-root factor
│   ├── solver_diagnostics.py      # Input contracts, outcomes, residuals and run summaries
│   ├── portfolio_result.py        # PortfolioOptimisationResult
│   ├── wrapper_rolling_portfolios.py  # compute_rolling_optimal_weights()
│   ├── general/                   # Objective-driven solvers
│   │   ├── quadratic.py           # min variance, max quadratic utility
│   │   ├── minimum_tracking_error.py  # closest feasible portfolio to benchmark
│   │   ├── max_sharpe.py          # maximum Sharpe ratio
│   │   ├── max_diversification.py # maximum diversification ratio
│   │   ├── carra_mixture.py       # CARA utility under Gaussian mixture
│   │   ├── risk_budgeting.py      # constrained risk budgeting
│   │   └── risk_budgeting_solver.py  # internal CCD/ADMM solver (Richard-Roncalli 2019)
│   ├── saa/                       # Strategic solvers with return/vol targets
│   │   ├── min_variance_target_return.py
│   │   └── max_return_target_vol.py
│   └── taa/                       # Tactical solvers with alpha and TE constraints
│       ├── maximise_alpha_over_tre.py
│       └── maximise_alpha_with_target_yield.py
├── universe/                      # Validated universe data containers and transforms
│   ├── universe_data.py           # UniverseData: prices, metadata and group loadings
│   └── universe_transforms.py     # e.g. copy with unsmoothed prices
├── utils/                         # Auxiliary analytics
│   ├── filter_nans.py             # NaN-aware covariance/vector filtering
│   ├── portfolio_funcs.py         # Risk contributions, diversification ratio
│   ├── weights_drift.py           # apply_drift_to_weights_0
│   └── gaussian_mixture.py        # Gaussian mixture fitting (numpy/scipy EM)
├── reports/                       # Performance reporting
│   ├── marginal_backtest.py       # Marginal asset contribution analysis
│   ├── portfolio_result_plots.py  # Optimisation result plots
│   └── portfolio_result_pybloqs.py  # Optional HTML/PDF result reports
└── examples/                      # Worked examples — see docs/examples_readme.md
    ├── data/                      # Shared universe fixtures
    ├── solvers/                   # One demo per single-objective solver
    ├── backtests/                 # End-to-end rolling workflows
    ├── comparisons/               # A-vs-B sweeps (incl. drift_policy)
    ├── covar_estimation/          # Covariance estimator demos
    └── alphas/                    # Alpha signal profiling demos
# factorlasso (pip install factorlasso)
#   └── LassoModel, solve_lasso_cvx_problem, solve_group_lasso_cvx_problem
#       Sign-constrained LASSO/Group LASSO/HCGL solver (domain-agnostic)
#       https://github.com/ArturSepp/factorlasso

Analytics at a glance

Area	Current user-facing analytics
Alpha construction	Momentum, low beta, risk-adjusted carry, managers alpha, residual momentum, residual reversal and rolling EWMA means; fixed-group and time-varying cluster scoring are supported.
Alpha evaluation	Rank-portfolio profiling, cross-backtests, AlphasData, IC/IR panels, component diagnostics and comparison tables.
Covariance and dependence	Current/rolling EWMA and HCGL sparse factor covariance; Pearson, Spearman and Gerber dependence choices, configurable correlation-distance transforms through factorlasso, and current/rolling covariance diagnostic reports.
Risk-cluster analytics	Persistent cluster lineage, births/deaths/splits/merges and report tables/figures through analyze_risk_clusters() and run_risk_label_report().
General optimisation	Minimum variance, quadratic utility, maximum Sharpe, maximum diversification, constrained risk budgeting, CARA Gaussian-mixture utility and minimum tracking error.
SAA and TAA optimisation	Minimum variance at target return, maximum return at target volatility, alpha over tracking error and alpha at target portfolio return.
Constraints and implementation	Instrument/group bounds, exposure, turnover, tracking error, target return/volatility, benchmark-relative sector/style/beta limits, frozen holdings and current-to-model eligibility corridors.
Solver controls and diagnostics	One covariance factorization per compatible CVXPY solve, input-contract validation, structured OptimizationOutcome/ConstraintResidual output, infeasibility diagnosis and run-level warning summaries.
Portfolio and risk results	PortfolioOptimisationResult provides weights/trades, volatility, turnover, tracking error, factor/residual risk, group attribution, factor exposures, efficient-frontier data and report tables using qis.RiskModel.
Universe, backtest and reporting	Validated UniverseData, metadata/group-loadings persistence and transforms, drift-aware rolling weights, transaction-cost backtests through qis, efficient-frontier plots, marginal portfolio backtests and optional PyBloqs HTML/PDF reports.

This table groups the analytics by workflow. The exact package-root import inventory and callable signatures are maintained in the API reference.

Architecture: factorlasso vs optimalportfolios

factorlasso is the domain-agnostic LASSO solver — it estimates sparse factor loadings β in Y_t = α + β X_t + ε_t with sign constraints, prior-centered regularisation, and HCGL clustering. It provides LassoModel (scikit-learn compatible estimator), CurrentFactorCovarData (single-date covariance decomposition Σ_y = β Σ_x β' + D), and RollingFactorCovarData (time-indexed collection). It knows nothing about finance, asset returns, frequencies, or rebalancing schedules.

optimalportfolios adds two finance-specific layers on top:

estimate_lasso_factor_covar_data() — the core estimation function in covar_estimation/factor_covar_estimator.py. It handles everything between raw market data and the factorlasso solver:

• Computes factor returns from prices at the specified frequency
• Estimates annualised factor covariance Σ_x via EWMA
• Calls factorlasso.LassoModel.fit() separately per frequency for mixed-frequency universes (e.g., monthly equities + quarterly alternatives)
• Annualises residual variances, R², and alphas across frequencies
• Merges multi-frequency betas into a single (N × M) loading matrix
• Returns a factorlasso.CurrentFactorCovarData with the full decomposition

FactorCovarEstimator — a CovarEstimator subclass that wraps estimate_lasso_factor_covar_data() in a rolling estimation schedule using qis.TimePeriod and qis.generate_dates_schedule. It provides two APIs:

• fit_rolling_covars() → Dict[Timestamp, DataFrame] (plain covariance matrices, plug into any solver)
• fit_rolling_factor_covars() → RollingFactorCovarData (full decomposition with betas, R², clusters, residuals over time)

Alpha signals module

Introduced in v4.1.1 and expanded through the 6.x releases, the alphas module provides standalone signal constructors with a consistent interface. The current set covers momentum, low beta, carry, managers alpha, residual momentum and residual reversal, plus rolling EWMA expected returns. Signal constructors handle single- and mixed-frequency universes, support fixed-group or time-varying-cluster cross-sectional scoring, and normally return both a dimensionless score and the raw signal for diagnostics.

Naming convention

Stage	What it is	Example
Raw signal	Observable quantity with units	Cumulative return, EWMA beta, regression residual
Score	Cross-sectional z-score, dimensionless	Momentum rank, negated beta rank
Alpha	Portfolio-ready signal after CDF mapping	Combined score mapped to [-1, 1]

Pipeline: raw signal → score → alpha.

Available signals

Momentum (compute_momentum_alpha) — EWMA-filtered risk-adjusted excess returns relative to a benchmark, converted to cross-sectional scores.

from optimalportfolios.alphas import compute_momentum_alpha

score, raw_momentum = compute_momentum_alpha(
    prices=prices, benchmark_price=benchmark, returns_freq='ME',
    group_data=asset_class_groups, long_span=12)

Low Beta (compute_low_beta_alpha) — EWMA regression beta to benchmark, negated and cross-sectionally scored ("betting against beta").

from optimalportfolios.alphas import compute_low_beta_alpha

score, raw_beta = compute_low_beta_alpha(
    prices=prices, benchmark_price=benchmark, returns_freq='ME',
    group_data=asset_class_groups, beta_span=12)

Managers Alpha (compute_managers_alpha) — factor model regression residuals using pre-estimated betas from FactorCovarEstimator, EWMA-smoothed and cross-sectionally scored.

from optimalportfolios.alphas import compute_managers_alpha

score, raw_alpha = compute_managers_alpha(
    prices=asset_prices, risk_factor_prices=factor_prices,
    estimated_betas=rolling_data.get_y_betas(),
    returns_freq='ME', alpha_span=12)

Risk-adjusted Carry (optimalportfolios.alphas.signals.compute_ra_carry_alpha) — instrument yield divided by trailing EWMA volatility, then cross-sectionally scored. The root-level, backward-compatible compute_ra_carry_alphas entry point returns the global score only.

Residual Momentum (compute_residual_momentum_alpha) — EWMA momentum applied to returns after removing lagged benchmark-beta exposure.

Residual Reversal (compute_residual_reversal_alpha) — the negated short-horizon residual signal, so recent benchmark-adjusted losers receive positive scores.

Rolling EWMA Means (estimate_rolling_ewma_means) — point-in-time expected-return panels for mean-dependent rolling optimisers.

Momentum, low-beta, carry, residual-momentum and residual-reversal constructors also provide *_cluster_alpha variants that score within time-varying statistical clusters rather than fixed groups. align_rolling_clusters() removes arbitrary cluster-label renumbering through time.

Mixed-frequency support

All signal functions accept returns_freq as a string (uniform) or a pd.Series (per-asset frequency). When mixed, the function groups by frequency, computes per group, and merges.

# equities monthly, alternatives quarterly
returns_freq = pd.Series({'SPY': 'ME', 'EZU': 'ME', 'HF_Macro': 'QE', 'PE': 'QE'})
long_span = {'ME': 12, 'QE': 4}  # one calendar year at both cadences
score, raw = compute_momentum_alpha(
    prices=prices, returns_freq=returns_freq, long_span=long_span)

Signal spans accept either one integer for every cadence or a mapping keyed by cadence. A missing mapping key raises instead of silently applying another frequency's horizon.

AlphasData container

AlphasData holds the combined alpha scores and all intermediate components:

from optimalportfolios.alphas import AlphasData

data = AlphasData(alpha_scores=combined, momentum_score=mom, beta_score=beta)
snapshot = data.get_alphas_snapshot(date=pd.Timestamp('2024-12-31'))

The same layer includes rank-portfolio profiling (profile_*, backtest_alpha_rank_portfolio, generate_alpha_profile_report), standalone signal backtests, and IC/IR and risk-contribution diagnostics (signal_diagnostics_panel, run_signal_diagnostics_per_component, compare_signal_diagnostics).

See the alphas module README for full documentation.

Table of contents

1. Why optimalportfolios
2. Package overview
3. Alpha signals module
4. Installation
5. Portfolio Optimisers
   1. Implementation structure
   2. Example of implementation for Maximum Diversification Solver
   3. Constraints
   4. Wrapper for implemented rolling portfolios
   5. Adding an optimiser
   6. Default parameters
   7. Price time series data
   8. Drift-aware rolling backtests (v5.3.1)
6. Examples
7. Updates
8. Disclaimer

Installation

Install from PyPI:

pip install optimalportfolios

After installing pytest, verify the installed wheel with python -m pytest --pyargs optimalportfolios.

Upgrade with:

pip install --upgrade optimalportfolios

Clone the repository with:

git clone https://github.com/ArturSepp/OptimalPortfolios.git

The core package supports Python >=3.10. Its current dependency floors are NumPy >=2.0, SciPy >=1.12, pandas >=2.2, Matplotlib >=3.8, seaborn >=0.13, openpyxl >=3.1, PyYAML >=6.0, CVXPY >=1.3, quadprog >=0.1.11, qis >=5.7 and factorlasso >=0.14.0. pyproject.toml is the source of truth.

Optional extras keep network-data, reporting and notebook integrations out of the core installation. The default risk-lineage matcher is implemented with core NumPy/SciPy code; NetworkX is retained only by the development extra as an independent test oracle.

Extra	Adds
data	yfinance for free-data example loaders.
reports	pybloqs for HTML/PDF report backends.
jupyter	Jupyter, Notebook and JupyterLab.
docs	Sphinx, Furo and MyST for documentation builds.
dev	Pytest, coverage, Ruff, Interrogate and the NetworkX matcher oracle, plus data.
all	All runtime integrations: data, reports and jupyter.

For example:

pip install optimalportfolios
pip install "optimalportfolios[all]"

Portfolio optimisers

1. Implementation structure

The implementation of each solver is split into 3 layers:

1. Mathematical layer which takes clean inputs, formulates the optimisation problem and solves it using Scipy or CVXPY solvers. The logic of this layer is to solve the problem algorithmically by taking clean inputs.
2. Wrapper layer which takes inputs potentially containing NaNs, filters them out, and calls the solver in layer 1). The output weights of filtered out assets are set to zero. Includes rebalancing indicator support for freezing specific assets at their previous weights, and (as of v5.3.1) automatic relaxation of group bounds when frozen-position drift causes overshoot.
3. Rolling layer which takes price time series as inputs and implements the estimation of covariance matrix and other inputs on a roll-forward basis. For each update date the rolling layer calls the wrapper layer 2) with estimated inputs as of the update date. As of v5.3.1, the rolling layer also drifts weights_0 between rebalances using realised price returns, so that turnover constraints and transaction-cost penalties measure actual trades rather than notional trades against a stale baseline.

For rolling level function, the estimated covariance matrix can be passed as Dict[pd.Timestamp, pd.DataFrame] with DataFrames containing covariance matrices for the universe and with keys being rebalancing times.

Covariance can be estimated using EwmaCovarEstimator (simple EWMA) or FactorCovarEstimator (HCGL factor model using factorlasso.LassoModel for sparse beta estimation, with finance-specific annualisation, multi-frequency returns, and rolling schedule management).

Important design principle (v4.1.1): covariance estimation is separated from portfolio optimisation. The recommended workflow is to estimate covariance matrices first, then pass them as covar_dict to any solver:

from optimalportfolios import (
    EwmaCovarEstimator,
    FactorCovarEstimator,
    rolling_maximise_alpha_over_tre,
    rolling_maximise_diversification,
    rolling_risk_budgeting,
)

# estimate once
estimator = EwmaCovarEstimator(returns_freq='W-WED', span=52, rebalancing_freq='QE')
covar_dict = estimator.fit_rolling_covars(prices=prices, time_period=time_period)

# reuse across multiple solvers
weights_rb = rolling_risk_budgeting(
    prices=prices, constraints=constraints, risk_budget=risk_budget, covar_dict=covar_dict)
weights_md = rolling_maximise_diversification(
    prices=prices, constraints=constraints, covar_dict=covar_dict)
weights_te = rolling_maximise_alpha_over_tre(
    prices=prices, alphas=alphas, constraints=taa_constraints,
    benchmark_weights=benchmark_weights, covar_dict=covar_dict)

This separation provides three benefits: (1) the same covariance matrices can be reused across multiple solvers without re-estimation, (2) covariance diagnostics and reporting can be inspected independently of the optimiser, and (3) different covariance estimators can be swapped in without modifying the solver code. For the HCGL factor model, use FactorCovarEstimator with asset_returns_dict for mixed-frequency universes (e.g., monthly equities + quarterly alternatives).

The recommended usage is as follows.

Layer 2) is used for live portfolios or for backtests which are implemented using data augmentation.

Layer 3) is applied for roll forward backtests where all available data is processed using roll forward analysis.

2. Example of implementation for Maximum Diversification Solver

Using optimization/general/max_diversification.py as an example:

1. Scipy solver opt_maximise_diversification() which takes "clean" inputs of the covariance matrix of type np.ndarray without NaNs and Constraints dataclass which implements constraints for the solver.

The lowest level of each optimisation method is opt_... or cvx_... function taking clean inputs and producing the optimal weights.

The logic of this layer is to implement the numerical optimiser with its supported CVXPY or SciPy backend.

2. Wrapper function wrapper_maximise_diversification() which takes inputs covariance matrix of type pd.DataFrame potentially containing NaNs or assets with zero variance (when their time series are missing in the estimation period) and filters out non-NaN "clean" inputs and updates constraints for OPT/CVX solver in layer 1.

The intermediary level of each optimisation method is wrapper_... function taking "dirty" inputs, filtering inputs, and producing the optimal weights. This wrapper can be called either by rolling backtest simulations or by live portfolios for rebalancing.

The logic of this layer is to filter out data and to be an interface for portfolio implementations.

3. Rolling optimiser function rolling_maximise_diversification() takes the time series of data and slices these accordingly and at each rebalancing step calls the wrapper in layer 2. In the end, the function outputs the time series of optimal weights of assets in the universe. Price data of assets may have gaps and NaNs which is taken care of in the wrapper level.

The backtesting of each optimisation method is implemented with rolling_... method which produces the time series of optimal portfolio weights.

The logic of this layer is to facilitate the backtest of portfolio optimisation method and to produce time series of portfolio weights using a Markovian setup. These weights are applied for the backtest of the optimal portfolio and the underlying strategy.

Solver modules live in optimization/general, optimization/saa or optimization/taa, according to whether their inputs are objective-driven, strategic return/risk targets or tactical alpha and benchmark inputs.

3. Constraints

Dataclass Constraints in optimization.constraints implements optimisation constraints in solver-independent way.

The following inputs for various constraints are implemented.

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Constraints:
    is_long_only: bool = True
    min_weights: pd.Series = None
    max_weights: pd.Series = None
    max_exposure: float = 1.0
    min_exposure: float = 1.0
    benchmark_weights: pd.Series = None
    tracking_err_vol_constraint: float = None
    weights_0: Optional[pd.Series] = None
    turnover_constraint: Optional[float] = None
    turnover_costs: pd.Series = None
    target_return: float = None
    asset_returns: pd.Series = None
    max_target_portfolio_vol_an: float = None
    constraint_enforcement_type: ConstraintEnforcementType = (
        ConstraintEnforcementType.FORCED_CONSTRAINTS
    )
    tre_utility_weight: Optional[float] = 1.0
    turnover_utility_weight: Optional[float] = 0.40
    group_lower_upper_constraints: Optional[GroupLowerUpperConstraints] = None
    group_tracking_error_constraint: Optional[GroupTrackingErrorConstraint] = None
    group_turnover_constraint: Optional[GroupTurnoverConstraint] = None
    # Sector: |L_g.T @ (w - b)| <= d_g; L is normally binary membership.
    sector_deviation_constraints: Optional[BenchmarkDeviationConstraints] = None
    # Style: |L_g.T @ (w - b)| <= d_g; L is normally a continuous exposure.
    style_deviation_constraints: Optional[BenchmarkDeviationConstraints] = None
    benchmark_beta_constraint: Optional[BenchmarkBetaConstraint] = None

Both deviation fields use BenchmarkDeviationConstraints. For every loading column g, they enforce |L_g.T @ (w - b)| <= d_g, where w - b is the active portfolio. Sector loadings are normally binary membership indicators, so d_g is an active portfolio-weight limit for a sector. Style loadings are normally continuous factor exposures, so the units of d_g follow the scaling of the supplied style scores. Sector and style constraints can be applied simultaneously.

Dataclass GroupLowerUpperConstraints implements asset class loading and min and max allocations

@dataclass
class GroupLowerUpperConstraints:
    """
    add constraints that each asset group is group_min_allocation <= sum group weights <= group_max_allocation
    """
    group_loadings: pd.DataFrame  # columns=instruments, index=groups, data=1 if instrument in indexed group else 0
    group_min_allocation: pd.Series  # index=groups, data=group min allocation
    group_max_allocation: pd.Series  # index=groups, data=group max allocation

Constraints are updated on the wrapper level to include the valid tickers

aligned_constraints = constraints.update_with_valid_tickers(valid_tickers=valid_tickers)

On the solver layer, the constants for the solvers are requested as follows.

For SciPy: set_scipy_constraints(self, covar: np.ndarray) -> Tuple[List, np.ndarray]

For CVXPY: set_cvx_all_constraints(self, w: cvx.Variable, covar=...) -> List

Frozen-position relaxation (new in v5.3.1). When rebalancing_indicators freeze illiquid positions for a given rebalance date, update_with_valid_tickers pins their min_weights and max_weights to the current (drifted) weights_0. If the resulting group-loading sum exceeds group_max_allocation (or falls below group_min_allocation), the group bound is automatically relaxed for that rebalance and a UserWarning is emitted. This prevents ValueError: Infeasible constraints detected errors that would otherwise occur when illiquid sleeves drift over their group cap between low-frequency rebalances. The relaxation is audit-trailable: each event surfaces in logs with the group name, the original bound, and the relaxed bound.

4. Wrapper for implemented rolling portfolios

Module optimization/wrapper_rolling_portfolios.py dispatches the objectives enumerated in config.py:

Using the wrapper function allows for cross-sectional analysis of different backtest methods and for sensitivity analysis to parameters of estimation and solver methods.

PortfolioObjective	Dispatcher route	Objective/backend
MAX_DIVERSIFICATION	rolling_maximise_diversification	Maximum diversification ratio; SciPy SLSQP.
EQUAL_RISK_CONTRIBUTION	rolling_risk_budgeting	Equal or specified risk budgets; internal CCD/ADMM.
MIN_VARIANCE	rolling_quadratic_optimisation	Minimum variance; CVXPY QP.
QUADRATIC_UTILITY	rolling_quadratic_optimisation	Expected return minus quadratic risk penalty; CVXPY QP.
MAXIMUM_SHARPE_RATIO	rolling_maximize_portfolio_sharpe	Maximum Sharpe via Charnes-Cooper; CVXPY SOCP.
MAX_CARA_MIXTURE	rolling_maximize_cara_mixture	Expected CARA utility under a Gaussian mixture; SciPy SLSQP.

Additional rolling analytics have dedicated entry points because they require benchmark, alpha, target-return or target-volatility inputs not represented by PortfolioObjective:

Solver family	Rolling entry point
Minimum tracking error	rolling_minimise_tracking_error
Minimum variance at target return	rolling_min_variance_target_return
Maximum return at target volatility	rolling_max_return_target_vol
Maximum alpha over tracking error	rolling_maximise_alpha_over_tre
Maximum alpha at target portfolio return	rolling_maximise_alpha_with_target_return

OptimiserConfig centralises the current production controls: CVXPY solver selection, verbosity, drift-aware prior weights, pre-solve input validation, failed-solve infeasibility diagnosis, a maximum frozen-position constraint relaxation and covariance factorization. The validation, diagnosis, drift and factorization controls are enabled by default; SciPy and the dedicated risk-budgeting backend ignore CVXPY-only settings.

See examples in the examples folder and the examples guide for the full demo index.

5. Adding an optimiser

1. Add the mathematical, wrapper and rolling entry points in the appropriate optimization/general, optimization/saa or optimization/taa module, using the existing CVXPY, SciPy or internal risk-budgeting backend.
2. For cross-sectional analysis, add new optimiser type to config.py and link implemented optimiser in wrapper function compute_rolling_optimal_weights() in optimization/wrapper_rolling_portfolios.py.

6. Default parameters

The covariance estimator and the optimisation dispatcher expose similarly named parameters, but they control different estimations.

1. On EwmaCovarEstimator, returns_freq defines the sampling frequency used for covariance estimation. The default for daily prices is weekly Wednesday returns, returns_freq='W-WED'. For inherently monthly series such as many hedge-fund indices, use returns_freq='ME'.

2. On EwmaCovarEstimator, span controls the EWMA decay in observations at returns_freq. It uses the pandas/QIS span convention

   lambda = 1 - 2 / (span + 1)
   half_life = log(0.5) / log(lambda)
   

   Thus span is not itself the half-life. With weekly returns, span=52 gives lambda=51/53, a half-life of about 18 weekly observations and, asymptotically, about 86.5% of the EWMA weight in the most recent 52 observations. The estimator default is span=52; for monthly returns, span=12 or span=24 are common choices.

3. EwmaCovarEstimator.fit_rolling_covars(..., rebalancing_freq=...) defines when covariance snapshots are extracted. The estimator's inherited default is quarterly, rebalancing_freq='QE'. Any optimiser can consume the resulting covar_dict; its objective does not change the covariance decay.

4. On compute_rolling_optimal_weights, span has a separate role: it is the EWMA span for expected-return estimation used only by QUADRATIC_UTILITY and MAXIMUM_SHARPE_RATIO. returns_freq supplies the corresponding return cadence.

5. On compute_rolling_optimal_weights, rebalancing_freq and roll_window apply only to MAX_CARA_MIXTURE. rebalancing_freq='QE' determines the mixture-refit dates and roll_window=20 uses the latest 20 returns sampled at returns_freq; the window is counted in return observations, not rebalancing periods. For example, five years of monthly returns use returns_freq='ME' and roll_window=60.

7. Price time series data

The input to all optimisers is dataframe prices which contains dividend and split adjusted prices.

The price data can include assets with prices starting and ending at different times.

All optimisers will set maximum weight to zero for assets with missing prices in the estimation sample period.

8. Drift-aware rolling backtests (v5.3.1)

Every rolling optimiser carries weights_0 forward from one rebalance date to the next so that turnover constraints (Constraints.turnover_constraint, turnover_costs, turnover_utility_weight, group_turnover_constraint) act on a sensible baseline. The choice of baseline matters.

Legacy behaviour (pre-v5.3.1, also use_drifted_weights_0=False). weights_0 at each rebalance equals the previous-period target weights, with no adjustment for realised drift over the holding period. The optimiser's L1 turnover budget constrains ||w_new − w_prev_target||_1, but the simulator actually trades ||w_new − w_drift||_1. The two differ by the realised one-period drift, which is typically 1–3% of NAV for diversified portfolios at quarterly frequency. Cumulative effect: realised turnover exceeds the optimiser's budget by roughly the same fraction.

New default (v5.3.1, use_drifted_weights_0=True). Before each rebalance, the helper apply_drift_to_weights_0 (in utils/weights_drift.py) drifts the previous-period target weights to the current date using realised price returns under the self-financing identity

w_drift_i = w_i · (1 + r_i) / (1 + Σ_j w_j · r_j)

The denominator is portfolio NAV growth. For long-only fully-invested portfolios this reduces to the conventional gross / sum(gross) form, but the formula remains correct for long-short and variable-exposure mandates. The helper is constraint-agnostic and silently falls back to passing weights_0 unchanged whenever any input is missing or pathological (NaN prices, NAV collapse, zero weights_0, first rebalance, etc.).

Empirical comparison. On a min-variance rolling backtest of the 15-ETF benchmark universe with a binding L1 turnover budget of 0.08/quarter:

	Policy A (legacy, drift off)	Policy B (new default, drift on)
Apparent turnover (ann.)	0.2767	0.2766
Realised turnover (ann.)	0.3403	0.2814
Realised / apparent	1.23	1.02
Cumulative TC drag (bps)	19.4	16.0

Under (A), the optimiser believes it's hitting the 0.08/quarter cap but is actually trading 0.085/quarter — the budget is leaky. Under (B), realised trading sits at 0.070/quarter, comfortably under the cap. Cost drag drops by 17.5% relative for the same nominal constraint. See examples/comparisons/drift_policy.py for the reproducible demonstration.

Toggling for legacy comparisons. To reproduce pre-v5.3.1 behaviour exactly (e.g. to validate against published backtest numbers from earlier papers or reports), set:

from optimalportfolios import OptimiserConfig

cfg = OptimiserConfig(use_drifted_weights_0=False)
weights = rolling_quadratic_optimisation(prices=prices, covar_dict=covar_dict,
                                          constraints=constraints,
                                          optimiser_config=cfg)

Examples

The examples/ folder is organised into six purpose-folders. The examples README maps every demo to its role; the headlines are:

examples/
├── data/                  Universe fixtures (fetch_benchmark_universe_data, fetch_minimal_universe_data)
├── solvers/               One demo per single-objective solver
├── backtests/             End-to-end rolling backtest workflows
├── comparisons/           A-vs-B sweeps (covar / optimiser / parameter / drift policy)
├── covar_estimation/      Covariance estimator demos
└── alphas/                Alpha signal profiling demos (rank-based profiler)

Recommended reading order for newcomers

1. examples/data/universe.py — understand the shared fixture.
2. examples/backtests/minimal_backtest.py — see one full workflow end-to-end.
3. examples/solvers/min_variance.py — minimal solver demo with both single-date and rolling forms.
4. examples/solvers/minimum_tracking_error.py — covariance-closest feasible portfolio relative to a benchmark.
5. examples/solvers/tracking_error.py — the production TAA pattern (alpha + benchmark + TE constraint).
6. examples/comparisons/optimisers.py — see how objectives differ on the same universe.

Highlighted demos

Optimal portfolio backtest

See script optimalportfolios/examples/backtests/minimal_backtest.py.

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import qis as qis

from optimalportfolios import (compute_rolling_optimal_weights, PortfolioObjective,
                               Constraints, EwmaCovarEstimator)
from optimalportfolios.examples.data.universe import fetch_minimal_universe_data


# 1. fetch universe (8 ETFs across 6 asset-class groups)
prices, benchmark_prices, group_data = fetch_minimal_universe_data()
time_period = qis.TimePeriod('31Dec2004', '15Mar2026')

# 2. define optimisation setup
portfolio_objective = PortfolioObjective.MAX_DIVERSIFICATION
returns_freq = 'W-WED'
rebalancing_freq = 'QE'
span = 52
constraints = Constraints(is_long_only=True,
                          min_weights=pd.Series(0.0, index=prices.columns),
                          max_weights=pd.Series(0.5, index=prices.columns))

# 3. estimate covariance, then optimise
ewma_estimator = EwmaCovarEstimator(returns_freq=returns_freq, span=span,
                                     rebalancing_freq=rebalancing_freq)
covar_dict = ewma_estimator.fit_rolling_covars(prices=prices, time_period=time_period)
weights = compute_rolling_optimal_weights(prices=prices,
                                          portfolio_objective=portfolio_objective,
                                          constraints=constraints,
                                          time_period=time_period,
                                          rebalancing_freq=rebalancing_freq,
                                          covar_dict=covar_dict)

# 4. backtest with transaction costs (drift-aware under v5.3.1 defaults)
portfolio_data = qis.backtest_model_portfolio(prices=prices.loc[weights.index[0]:, :],
                                              weights=weights,
                                              ticker='MaxDiversification',
                                              weight_implementation_lag=1,
                                              rebalancing_costs=0.0010)

# 5. generate factsheet
portfolio_data.set_group_data(group_data=group_data,
                              group_order=list(group_data.unique()))
figs = qis.generate_strategy_factsheet(portfolio_data=portfolio_data,
                                       benchmark_prices=benchmark_prices,
                                       time_period=time_period,
                                       **qis.fetch_default_report_kwargs(time_period=time_period))
qis.save_figs_to_pdf(figs=figs, file_name=f"{portfolio_data.nav.name}_portfolio_factsheet",
                     orientation='landscape', local_path="output/")

Customised reporting

Portfolio data class PortfolioData is implemented in QIS package.

def run_customised_reporting(portfolio_data) -> plt.Figure:
    with sns.axes_style("darkgrid"):
        fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 1, figsize=(12, 12), tight_layout=True)
    perf_params = qis.PerfParams(freq='W-WED', freq_reg='ME')
    kwargs = dict(x_date_freq='YE', framealpha=0.8, perf_params=perf_params)
    portfolio_data.plot_nav(ax=axs[0], **kwargs)
    portfolio_data.plot_weights(ncol=len(prices.columns)//3,
                                legend_stats=qis.LegendStats.AVG_LAST,
                                title='Portfolio weights',
                                freq='QE', ax=axs[1], **kwargs)
    portfolio_data.plot_returns_scatter(benchmark_price=benchmark_prices.iloc[:, 0],
                                        ax=axs[2], **kwargs)
    return fig

Parameter sensitivity backtest

Cross-sectional backtests test the sensitivity of an optimisation method to estimation or solver parameters.

See optimalportfolios/examples/comparisons/parameter_sensitivity.py.

Multi-optimiser cross-backtest

Multiple optimisation methods can be analysed using compute_rolling_optimal_weights().

See optimalportfolios/examples/comparisons/optimisers.py.

Multi-covariance-estimator backtest

Multiple covariance estimators can be backtested for the same optimisation method.

See optimalportfolios/examples/comparisons/covar_estimators.py.

Drift-policy comparison (new in v5.3.1)

Compares OptimiserConfig.use_drifted_weights_0 = True (production default) vs False (legacy) using rolling_quadratic_optimisation with a binding L1 turnover budget. Shows that under the legacy convention the realised turnover exceeds the optimiser's apparent turnover by ~23%; under the new default the two agree.

See optimalportfolios/examples/comparisons/drift_policy.py.

Optimal allocation to cryptocurrencies

Computations and visualisations for the paper "Optimal Allocation to Cryptocurrencies in Diversified Portfolios" are maintained as replication code under papers/crypto_allocation_risk_2023.

Published reference: Sepp A. (2023), "Optimal Allocation to Cryptocurrencies in Diversified Portfolios", Risk Magazine, October 2023, 1-6. Available at SSRN.

Robust optimisation of strategic and tactical asset allocation

Computations and visualisations for the paper "Robust Optimization of Strategic and Tactical Asset Allocation for Multi-Asset Portfolios" are maintained under papers/robust_optimisation_jpm_2026.

The paper presents the ROSAA framework — a unified approach to strategic and tactical asset allocation for multi-asset portfolios. Key contributions: the HCGL (Hierarchical Clustering Group LASSO) factor covariance estimator for heterogeneous multi-asset universes, constrained risk budgeting for SAA with group allocation limits, and alpha-over-tracking-error optimisation for TAA. The framework handles real-world challenges including mixed-frequency assets, incomplete return histories, and illiquid positions requiring rebalancing indicators. The optimalportfolios package is the reference implementation of the full ROSAA pipeline.

Published reference: Sepp A., Ossa I., and Kastenholz M. (2026), "Robust Optimization of Strategic and Tactical Asset Allocation for Multi-Asset Portfolios", The Journal of Portfolio Management, 52(4), 86-120. Paper link.

Updates

August 2026, Versions 6.8.0–6.17.0 released

The recent 6.x series through 6.17.0 added several production analytics that are now part of the current API:

Release	Analytics and behavior added
6.17.0	Remediated the JOSS dry-run audit with portable paths, substantive generated API pages and importable version metadata; repaired flat factorlasso covariance plots; and refreshed the MATF-CMA custom eleven-factor replication snapshot.
6.16.0	Replaced the default risk-lineage matcher's NetworkX runtime dependency with a deterministic sparse SciPy assignment, then moved canonical lineage analytics to factorlasso 0.14; the former OptimalPortfolios module is a deprecated compatibility shim.
6.15.0	Added declarative causal cluster smoothing, preserved FCGL/HCGL semantics for externally supplied partitions, and raised the factorlasso floor to 0.13.0.
6.14.0	Calibrated the offline risk-lineage matcher for more consolidated labels, corrected five lineage edge cases, and removed the unusable non-convex minimum-volatility field; the supported maximum-volatility constraint is unchanged.
6.12.0–6.13.0	Standardised factorization-capable wrappers on (weights, outcome), fixed residual-signal dispatch, expanded offline/CI coverage and corrected the constrained risk-budgeting demo.
6.11.0	Added the guarded clustering extra for minimum-cost-flow risk-cluster matching, with dependency-free Hungarian matching as an alternative.
6.10.0	Added minimum-tracking-error rolling optimisation, build_risk_model(), current-to-model eligibility corridors and qis.RiskModel-backed result attribution.
6.9.0	Added controlled covariance factorization, structured OptimizationOutcome and ConstraintResidual diagnostics, input validation and detailed infeasibility/conditioning reports.
6.8.0	Added per-cadence signal spans such as {'ME': 12, 'QE': 4} for mixed-frequency universes.

See CHANGELOG.md for the complete compatibility notes and numerical contracts.

May 2026, Version 5.3.1 released

Drift-aware weights_0 in rolling backtests (default behaviour change).

Every rolling optimiser now drifts the previous-period weights to the current rebalance date using realised price returns before passing them as weights_0 to the next single-date optimisation. The new helper apply_drift_to_weights_0 in utils/weights_drift.py implements the self-financing identity w_drift_i = w_i · (1 + r_i) / (1 + Σ_j w_j · r_j), which is correct for long-only, long-short, and variable-exposure mandates.

Controlled by OptimiserConfig.use_drifted_weights_0 — default True. Set to False to reproduce pre-v5.3.1 behaviour for legacy comparisons. The change affects all nine rolling optimisers: rolling_risk_budgeting, rolling_maximize_portfolio_sharpe, rolling_maximize_cara_mixture, rolling_maximise_diversification, rolling_quadratic_optimisation, rolling_max_return_target_vol, rolling_min_variance_target_return, rolling_maximise_alpha_with_target_return, rolling_maximise_alpha_over_tre.

Impact: for backtests with a binding turnover constraint or non-zero transaction-cost penalty, realised turnover and TC drag will differ from pre-v5.3.1 numbers. The optimiser now constrains ||w_new − w_drift||_1 rather than ||w_new − w_prev_target||_1, which matches what the NAV simulator actually trades. On a min-variance / L1 0.08-per-quarter backtest: legacy realised/apparent turnover ratio 1.23, new default 1.02; cumulative TC drag drops from 19.4 bps to 16.0 bps (17.5% relative reduction).

For backtests without a turnover-related constraint or penalty, weights_0 only affects the CVXPY warm-start and the SciPy convergence path. Numerical differences may exist but are typically below 1 bp/year on Sharpe.

Frozen-position overshoot relaxation in Constraints.update_with_valid_tickers.

When rebalancing_indicators freeze illiquid positions (PE, HF, CAT bonds, private credit) over multiple TAA rebalance dates, the frozen positions can drift above their group's group_max_allocation. Previously Constraints.__post_init__ raised ValueError: Infeasible constraints detected. The new behaviour automatically relaxes the offending bound by the overshoot amount with an audit-trail UserWarning, treating the rebalance as a one-period compliance waiver — the optimiser can no longer trade frozen assets, and the relaxed cap prevents tradable members from adding more on top of the inherited overhang.

This change is independent of the drift policy: it also helps when weights_0 comes from a live PMS that is slightly out of compliance due to intra-period flows, corporate actions, or settlement gaps. Each relaxation event surfaces in logs with the group name, original bound, and relaxed bound.

Examples folder reorganised.

The flat examples/ layout has been replaced with six purpose-folders:

Old path	New path
examples.universe	examples.data.universe
examples.optimal_portfolio_backtest	examples.backtests.minimal_backtest
examples.solve_risk_budgets_balanced_portfolio	examples.backtests.balanced_risk_budgets
examples.computation_of_tracking_error	examples.backtests.tracking_error_decomposition
examples.multi_optimisers_backtest	examples.comparisons.optimisers
examples.multi_covar_estimation_backtest	examples.comparisons.covar_estimators
examples.parameter_sensitivity_backtest	examples.comparisons.parameter_sensitivity
examples.risk_budgeting_pyrb_vs_scipy	examples.comparisons.risk_budgeting_ccd_vs_scipy
examples.sp500_minvar	examples.comparisons.sp500_minvar_spans
examples.long_short_optimisation	examples.solvers.long_short
examples.sp500_universe	examples.data.sp500_universe

The new layout adds an examples guide indexing every demo. Six wrong docstrings in solvers/ corrected (carra_mixture, max_diversification, max_sharpe, min_variance, risk_budgeting, tracking_error — all were boilerplate copies of "example of minimization of tracking error" regardless of the file's contents). Two helpers in data/universe.py: fetch_benchmark_universe_data() (15-ETF universe, 6-tuple return) and fetch_minimal_universe_data() (8-ETF universe, 3-tuple return) replace the inline loaders previously duplicated across minimal_backtest.py and long_short.py.

Migration from v5.0.x:

• If you have notebooks or scripts referencing the old examples.* paths, see the table above. The package public API (everything under from optimalportfolios import ...) is unchanged.
• If your backtests rely on the legacy weights_0 behaviour for reproducibility (e.g. validating against published numbers), pass OptimiserConfig(use_drifted_weights_0=False).
• If you previously caught ValueError: Infeasible constraints detected from a long-running backtest of illiquid universes, those backtests will now run to completion with UserWarning messages instead. Consider capturing the warnings at the runner level and emitting a summary line rather than per-event logs.

March 2026, Version 5.0.4 released

Removed scikit-learn dependency. The Gaussian mixture model in utils/gaussian_mixture.py previously used sklearn.mixture.GaussianMixture. This has been replaced with a pure numpy/scipy EM implementation (fit_gmm) using scipy.stats.multivariate_normal for the E-step and scipy.cluster.vq.kmeans2 for K-means initialisation. The public API (fit_gaussian_mixture, Params, plot_mixure1, plot_mixure2, estimate_rolling_mixture) is unchanged.

This removes the last scikit-learn import from optimalportfolios, eliminating the transitive dependency on joblib, threadpoolctl, and the scikit-learn binary itself — a meaningful reduction in install footprint.

March 2026, Version 5.0.0 released

LASSO estimator extracted to factorlasso package. The lasso/ module has been removed from optimalportfolios. The LASSO/Group LASSO/HCGL solver is now in the standalone factorlasso package — a domain-agnostic sparse factor model estimator with sign constraints, prior-centered regularisation, NaN-aware estimation, and scikit-learn compatible API (fit / predict / score / coef_ / intercept_). factorlasso is a required dependency of optimalportfolios v5.0.0. All existing imports (from optimalportfolios import LassoModel) continue to work via re-exports.

License changed from GPL-3.0 to MIT.

Dependencies cleaned:

• Removed easydev, pyarrow, fsspec, statsmodels, ecos (unused)
• yfinance, pandas-datareader moved to [data] optional
• numpy unpinned from ==2.2.6 to >=2.0
• Build system simplified (removed unused poetry-core, hatchling)
• Dev tooling: black/flake8/isort/mypy replaced with ruff

CI added: GitHub Actions test pipeline across Python 3.10–3.12.

Migration from v4.x: No code changes required. All existing imports (from optimalportfolios import LassoModel, LassoModelType) continue to work via re-exports from factorlasso. The only exception: if your code imports directly from the deleted module path (from optimalportfolios.lasso.lasso_estimator import ...), change to from optimalportfolios import ....

March 2026, Version 4.1.1 released

Alpha signals module (optimalportfolios.alphas):

• New alphas/ package with three standalone signal functions: compute_momentum_alpha, compute_low_beta_alpha, compute_managers_alpha
• Each function handles single-frequency and mixed-frequency universes via returns_freq (string or per-asset pd.Series)
• Within-group cross-sectional scoring via group_data parameter
• AlphasData container moved from utils/manager_alphas.py to alphas/alpha_data.py
• backtest_alphas.py moved from reports/ to alphas/ with fixed function names (typo corrections: backtest_alpha_signas → backtest_alpha_signals, etc.)
• Comprehensive test suite in alphas/tests/signals_local.py

Deprecated and removed:

• utils/factor_alphas.py — all functions migrated to alphas/signals/. The 9-function variant explosion (3 signal types × 3 frequency variants) is replaced by 3 functions, each handling all dispatch modes internally
• utils/manager_alphas.py — AlphasData moved to alphas/alpha_data.py. compute_joint_alphas() is replaced by external aggregation (see migration guide below)
• reports/backtest_alphas.py — moved to alphas/backtest_alphas.py

Risk budgeting fixes:

• Fixed total_to_good_ratio computation in wrapper_risk_budgeting: previously used len(pd_covar.columns) / len(clean_covar.columns) which over-inflated budgets when zero-budget and NaN assets coexisted. Now uses n_eligible / n_valid where n_eligible counts assets with positive risk budget
• Replaced all print() fallback messages with warnings.warn() for proper logging
• Removed unused FactorCovarEstimator import

Solver docstrings:

• Full docstrings added to all optimisation solvers (quadratic, risk_budgeting, max_diversification, max_sharpe, tracking_error, target_return, cara_mixture)
• Full docstrings for the rolling portfolio dispatcher

Covariance estimation separation:

• Covariance estimation is now clearly separated from portfolio optimisation. The recommended workflow is to estimate covariance matrices upfront using EwmaCovarEstimator or FactorCovarEstimator, then pass the resulting covar_dict to any solver. This enables reusing the same covariance across multiple solvers, inspecting covariance diagnostics independently, and swapping estimators without modifying solver code.

05 January 2025, Version 3.1.1 released

Added Lasso estimator and Group Lasso estimator using cvxpy quadratic problems.

Added covariance estimator using factor model with Lasso betas.

Estimated covariance matrices can be passed to rolling solvers, CovarEstimator type is added for different covariance estimators.

Risk budgeting is implemented using pyrb package with pyrb forked for optimalportfolios package.

18 August 2024, Version 2.1.1 released

Refactor the implementation of solvers with the 3 layers.

Add new solvers for tracking error and target return optimisations.

Add examples of running all solvers.

2 September 2023, Version 1.0.8 released

Added subpackage optimisation.rolling_engine with optimisers grouped by the type of inputs and data they require.

8 July 2023, Version 1.0.1 released

Implementation of optimisation methods and data considered in "Optimal Allocation to Cryptocurrencies in Diversified Portfolios" by A. Sepp published in Risk Magazine, October 2023, 1-6. The draft is available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4217841

Ecosystem

This package is part of an open-source Python stack for quantitative finance — full catalogue at github.com/ArturSepp:

Package	Purpose
qis	Performance analytics, factsheets, and visualisation
optimalportfolios (this package)	Portfolio construction and backtesting
factorlasso	Sparse factor models and factor covariance estimation
bbg-fetch	Bloomberg data fetching
trendfollowing	Trend-following systems: closed-form theory and replication
goal-based-allocation	Dynamic MV allocation under regime-switching jump-diffusions
stochvolmodels	Stochastic volatility pricing analytics
vanilla-option-pricers	Vectorised vanilla option pricers and implied volatility fitters

Dependency links within the stack: optimalportfolios builds on qis and factorlasso; trendfollowing builds on qis.

License

MIT — see LICENSE.txt.

Disclaimer

OptimalPortfolios package is distributed FREE & WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY under the MIT License.

See the LICENSE.txt in the release for details.

Please report any bugs or suggestions by opening an issue.

References

Sepp A. (2023), "Optimal Allocation to Cryptocurrencies in Diversified Portfolios", Risk Magazine, October 2023, 1-6. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4217841

Sepp A., Ossa I., and Kastenholz M. (2026), "Robust Optimization of Strategic and Tactical Asset Allocation for Multi-Asset Portfolios", The Journal of Portfolio Management, 52(4), 86-120. Paper link

Sepp A., Hansen E., and Kastenholz M. (2026), "Capital Market Assumptions and Strategic Asset Allocation Using Multi-Asset Tradable Factors", Under revision at the Journal of Portfolio Management. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=6785958

Citation

If you use optimalportfolios in your research, please cite it as:

@software{sepp2024optimalportfolios,
  author={Sepp, Artur},
  title={OptimalPortfolios: Implementation of optimisation analytics for constructing and backtesting optimal portfolios in Python},
  year={2026},
  version={6.17.0},
  url={https://github.com/ArturSepp/OptimalPortfolios}
}

@article{sepp2023,
  title={Optimal allocation to cryptocurrencies in diversified portfolios},
  author={Sepp, Artur},
  journal={Risk Magazine},
  pages={1--6},
  month={October},
  year={2023},
  url={https://ssrn.com/abstract=4217841}
}

@article{sepp2026rosaa,
  author={Sepp, Artur and Ossa, Ivan and Kastenholz, Mika},
  title={Robust Optimization of Strategic and Tactical Asset Allocation for Multi-Asset Portfolios},
  journal={The Journal of Portfolio Management},
  volume={52},
  number={4},
  pages={86--120},
  year={2026}
}

@article{sepphansenkastenholz2026,
  title={Capital Market Assumptions and Strategic Asset Allocation Using Multi-Asset Tradable Factors},
  author={Sepp, Artur and Hansen, Emilie H. and Kastenholz, Mika},
  journal={Working Paper},
  year={2026}
}