Awesome Remote Sensing Foundation Models

:star2:A collection of papers, datasets, benchmarks, code, and pre-trained weights for Remote Sensing Foundation Models (RSFMs).

📢 Latest Updates

:fire::fire::fire: Last Updated on 2026.05.06 :fire::fire::fire:

Table of Contents

• Models
  • Remote Sensing Vision Foundation Models
  • Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Models
  • Remote Sensing Generative Foundation Models
  • Remote Sensing Vision-Location Foundation Models
  • Remote Sensing Vision-Audio Foundation Models
  • Remote Sensing Agents
• Datasets & Benchmarks
  • Benchmarks for RSFMs
  • (Large-scale) Pre-training Datasets
  • Embeddings data
• Others
  • Relevant Projects
  • Survey/Commentary Papers

Remote Sensing Vision Foundation Models

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Code & Weights
GeoKR	Geographical Knowledge-Driven Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Images	TGRS2021	GeoKR	link
-	Self-Supervised Learning of Remote Sensing Scene Representations Using Contrastive Multiview Coding	CVPRW2021	Paper	link
GASSL	Geography-Aware Self-Supervised Learning	ICCV2021	GASSL	link
SeCo	Seasonal Contrast: Unsupervised Pre-Training From Uncurated Remote Sensing Data	ICCV2021	SeCo	link
RSP	An Empirical Study of Remote Sensing Pretraining	TGRS2022	RSP	link
MATTER	Self-Supervised Material and Texture Representation Learning for Remote Sensing Tasks	CVPR2022	MATTER	link
-	Self-supervised Vision Transformers for Land-cover Segmentation and Classification	CVPRW2022	Paper	link
DINO-MM	Self-Supervised Vision Transformers for Joint SAR-Optical Representation Learning	IGARSS2022	DINO-MM	link
GeCo	Geographical Supervision Correction for Remote Sensing Representation Learning	TGRS2022	GeCo	link
RingMo	RingMo: A remote sensing foundation model with masked image modeling	TGRS2022	RingMo	Code
RS-BYOL	Self-Supervised Learning for Invariant Representations From Multi-Spectral and SAR Images	JSTARS2022	RS-BYOL	link
CSPT	Consecutive Pre-Training: A Knowledge Transfer Learning Strategy with Relevant Unlabeled Data for Remote Sensing Domain	RS2022	CSPT	link
RVSA	Advancing plain vision transformer toward remote sensing foundation model	TGRS2022	RVSA	link
SatMAE	SatMAE: Pre-training Transformers for Temporal and Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery	NeurIPS2022	SatMAE	link
DINO-MC	Extending Global-Local View Alignment for Self-Supervised Learning with Remote Sensing Imagery	Arxiv2023	DINO-MC	link
CMID	CMID: A Unified Self-Supervised Learning Framework for Remote Sensing Image Understanding	TGRS2023	CMID	link
Presto	Lightweight, Pre-trained Transformers for Remote Sensing Timeseries	Arxiv2023	Presto	link
AST	AST: Adaptive Self-supervised Transformer for Optical Remote Sensing Representation	ISPRS JPRS2023	AST	null
TOV	TOV: The original vision model for optical remote sensing image understanding via self-supervised learning	JSTARS2023	TOV	link
CACo	Change-Aware Sampling and Contrastive Learning for Satellite Images	CVPR2023	CACo	link
IaI-SimCLR	Multi-Modal Multi-Objective Contrastive Learning for Sentinel-1/2 Imagery	CVPRW2023	IaI-SimCLR	null
-	A Self-Supervised Cross-Modal Remote Sensing Foundation Model with Multi-Domain Representation and Cross-Domain Fusion	IGARSS2023	Paper	null
SatLas	SatlasPretrain: A Large-Scale Dataset for Remote Sensing Image Understanding	ICCV2023	SatLas	link
GFM	Towards Geospatial Foundation Models via Continual Pretraining	ICCV2023	GFM	link
Scale-MAE	Scale-MAE: A Scale-Aware Masked Autoencoder for Multiscale Geospatial Representation Learning	ICCV2023	Scale-MAE	link
Prithvi	Foundation Models for Generalist Geospatial Artificial Intelligence	Arxiv2023	Prithvi	link
RingMo-Sense	RingMo-Sense: Remote Sensing Foundation Model for Spatiotemporal Prediction via Spatiotemporal Evolution Disentangling	TGRS2023	RingMo-Sense	null
EarthPT	EarthPT: a time series foundation model for Earth Observation	NeurIPS2023 CCAI workshop	EarthPT	link
CROMA	CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoders	NeurIPS2023	CROMA	link
Cross-Scale MAE	Cross-Scale MAE: A Tale of Multiscale Exploitation in Remote Sensing	NeurIPS2023	Cross-Scale MAE	link
USat	USat: A Unified Self-Supervised Encoder for Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagery	Arxiv2023	USat	link
AIEarth	Analytical Insight of Earth: A Cloud-Platform of Intelligent Computing for Geospatial Big Data	Arxiv2023	AIEarth	link
GeRSP	Generic Knowledge Boosted Pretraining for Remote Sensing Images	TGRS2024	GeRSP	GeRSP
SMLFR	Generative ConvNet Foundation Model With Sparse Modeling and Low-Frequency Reconstruction for Remote Sensing Image Interpretation	TGRS2024	SMLFR	link
RingMo-lite	RingMo-Lite: A Remote Sensing Lightweight Network With CNN-Transformer Hybrid Framework	IEEE TGRS2024	RingMo-lite	null
U-BARN	Self-Supervised Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning of Satellite Image Time Series	JSTARS2024	Paper	link
SpectralGPT	SpectralGPT: Spectral Remote Sensing Foundation Model	TPAMI2024	SpectralGPT	link
SwiMDiff	SwiMDiff: Scene-Wide Matching Contrastive Learning With Diffusion Constraint for Remote Sensing Image	TGRS2024	SwiMDiff	null
DOFA	Neural Plasticity-Inspired Multimodal Foundation Model for Earth Observation	Arxiv2024	DOFA	link
-	Masked Feature Modeling for Generative Self-Supervised Representation Learning of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images	IEEE JSTARS2024	Paper	null
BFM	A Billion-scale Foundation Model for Remote Sensing Images	IEEE JSTARS2024	BFM	null
Clay	Clay Foundation Model	Arxiv2024	null	link
Hydro	Hydro--A Foundation Model for Water in Satellite Imagery	Arxiv2024	null	link
S2MAE	S2MAE: A Spatial-Spectral Pretraining Foundation Model for Spectral Remote Sensing Data	CVPR2024	S2MAE	null
SatMAE++	Rethinking Transformers Pre-training for Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery	CVPR2024	SatMAE++	link
msGFM	Bridging Remote Sensors with Multisensor Geospatial Foundation Models	CVPR2024	msGFM	link
SkySense	SkySense: A Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Foundation Model Towards Universal Interpretation for Earth Observation Imagery	CVPR2024	SkySense	link
MTP	MTP: Advancing Remote Sensing Foundation Model via Multi-Task Pretraining	IEEE JSTARS2024	MTP	link
RS-DFM	RS-DFM: A Remote Sensing Distributed Foundation Model for Diverse Downstream Tasks	Arxiv2024	RS-DFM	null
OFA-Net	One for All: Toward Unified Foundation Models for Earth Vision	IGARSS2024	OFA-Net	null
-	Lightweight and Efficient: A Family of Multimodal Earth Observation Foundation Models	IGARSS2024	Paper	null
MM-VSF	Towards Knowledge Guided Pretraining Approaches for Multimodal Foundation Models: Applications in Remote Sensing	Arxiv2024	MM-VSF	null
LeMeViT	LeMeViT: Efficient Vision Transformer with Learnable Meta Tokens for Remote Sensing Image Interpretation	IJCAI2024	LeMeViT	link
SAR-JEPA	Predicting Gradient is Better: Exploring Self-Supervised Learning for SAR ATR with a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture	ISPRS JPRS2024	SAR-JEPA	link
DeCUR	DeCUR: decoupling common & unique representations for multimodal self-supervision	ECCV2024	DeCUR	link
MMEarth	MMEarth: Exploring Multi-Modal Pretext Tasks For Geospatial Representation Learning	ECCV2024	MMEarth	link
OmniSat	OmniSat: Self-Supervised Modality Fusion for Earth Observation	ECCV2024	OmniSat	link
MA3E	Masked Angle-Aware Autoencoder for Remote Sensing Images	ECCV2024	MA3E	link
SoftCon	Multi-Label Guided Soft Contrastive Learning for Efficient Earth Observation Pretraining	TGRS2024	SoftCon	link
PIS	Pretrain a Remote Sensing Foundation Model by Promoting Intra-instance Similarity	TGRS2024	PIS	link
FG-MAE	Feature Guided Masked Autoencoder for Self-Supervised Learning in Remote Sensing	IEEE JSTARS2024	FG-MAE	link
-	A Multimodal Unified Representation Learning Framework With Masked Image Modeling for Remote Sensing Images	IEEE TGRS2024	Paper	null
OReole-FM	OReole-FM: successes and challenges toward billion-parameter foundation models for high-resolution satellite imagery	SIGSPATIAL2024	OReole-FM	null
SatVision-TOA	SatVision-TOA: A Geospatial Foundation Model for Coarse-Resolution All-Sky Remote Sensing Imagery	Arxiv2024	SatVision-TOA	link
Prithvi-EO-2.0	Prithvi-EO-2.0: A Versatile Multi-Temporal Foundation Model for Earth Observation Applications	Arxiv2024	Prithvi-EO-2.0	link
A2-MAE	A2-MAE: A spatial-temporal-spectral unified remote sensing pre-training method based on anchor-aware masked autoencoder	IEEE TGRS2025	A2-MAE	null
FoMo	FoMo: Multi-Modal, Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Remote Sensing Foundation Models for Forest Monitoring	AAAI2025	FoMo	link
PIEViT	Pattern Integration and Enhancement Vision Transformer for Self-Supervised Learning in Remote Sensing	IEEE TGRS2025	PIEViT	null
SARATR-X	SARATR-X: Toward Building a Foundation Model for SAR Target Recognition	IEEE TIP2025	SARATR-X	link
SatMamba	SatMamba: Development of Foundation Models for Remote Sensing Imagery Using State Space Models	Arxiv2025	SatMamba	link
DynamicVis	DynamicVis: Dynamic Visual Perception for Efficient Remote Sensing Foundation Models	Arxiv2025	DynamicVis	link
SUMMIT	SUMMIT: A SAR foundation model with multiple auxiliary tasks enhanced intrinsic characteristics	IJAEO2025	SUMMIT	null
SenPa-MAE	SenPa-MAE: Sensor Parameter Aware Masked Autoencoder for Multi-Satellite Self-Supervised Pretraining	LNCS2025	SenPa-MAE	link
HyperSIGMA	HyperSIGMA: Hyperspectral Intelligence Comprehension Foundation Model	IEEE TPAMI2025	HyperSIGMA	link
HyperSL	HyperSL: A Spectral Foundation Model for Hyperspectral Image Interpretation	IEEE TGRS2025	HyperSL	link
TiMo	TiMo: Spatiotemporal Foundation Model for Satellite Image Time Series	Arxiv2025	TiMo	link
Panopticon	Panopticon: Advancing Any-Sensor Foundation Models for Earth Observation	CVPRW2025 (EarthVision Best Paper)	Panopticon	link
HyperFree	HyperFree: A Channel-adaptive and Tuning-free Foundation Model for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery	CVPR2025	HyperFree	link
SpectralEarth	SpectralEarth: Training Hyperspectral Foundation Models at Scale	IEEE JSTARS2025	SpectralEarth	link
WV-Net	WV-Net: A foundation model for SAR WV-mode satellite imagery trained using contrastive self-supervised learning on 10 million images	AIES2025	WV-Net	null
AnySat	AnySat: One Earth Observation Model for Many Resolutions, Scales, and Modalities	CVPR2025	AnySat	link
TerraFM	TerraFM: A Scalable Foundation Model for Unified Multisensor Earth Observation	Arxiv2025	TerraFM	link
Galileo	Galileo: Learning Global & Local Features of Many Remote Sensing Modalities	ICML2025 TerraBytes Workshop	Galileo	link
DeepAndes	DeepAndes: A Self-Supervised Vision Foundation Model for Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagery of the Andes	IEEE JSTARS2025	DeepAndes	link
RingMamba	RingMamba: Remote Sensing Multisensor Pretraining With Visual State Space Model	IEEE TGRS2025	RingMamba	link
RingMo-Aerial	RingMo-Aerial: An Aerial Remote Sensing Foundation Model With Affine Transformation Contrastive Learning	IEEE TPAMI2025	RingMo-Aerial	null
SeaMo	SeaMo: A Multi-Seasonal and Multimodal Remote Sensing Foundation Model	Information Fusion2025	SeaMo	null
MoSAiC	MoSAiC: Multi-Modal Multi-Label Supervision-Aware Contrastive Learning for Remote Sensing	IEEE Sensors Journal 2025	MoSAiC	null
CGEarthEye	CGEarthEye: A High-Resolution Remote Sensing Vision Foundation Model Based on the Jilin-1 Satellite Constellation	Arxiv2025	CGEarthEye	null
AlphaEarth	AlphaEarth Foundations: An embedding field model for accurate and efficient global mapping from sparse label data	Arxiv2025	AlphaEarth	link
SkySense++	A semantic-enhanced multi-modal remote sensing foundation model for Earth observation	Nature Machine Intelligence 2025	SkySense++	link
CtxMIM	CtxMIM: Context-Enhanced Masked Image Modeling for Remote Sensing Image Understanding	ACM TOMM2025	CtxMIM	null
ViTP	Visual Instruction Pretraining for Domain-Specific Foundation Models	Arxiv2025	ViTP	link
SatDiFuser	Can Generative Geospatial Diffusion Models Excel as Discriminative Geospatial Foundation Models?	ICCV2025	SatDiFuser	link
FedSense	Towards Privacy-preserved Pre-training of Remote Sensing Foundation Models with Federated Mutual-guidance Learning	ICCV2025	FedSense	null
Copernicus-FM	Towards a Unified Copernicus Foundation Model for Earth Vision	ICCV2025	Copernicus-FM	link
TerraMind	TerraMind: Large-Scale Generative Multimodality for Earth Observation	ICCV2025	TerraMind	link
SelectiveMAE	Harnessing Massive Satellite Imagery with Efficient Masked Image Modeling	ICCV2025	SelectiveMAE	link
SMARTIES	SMARTIES: Spectrum-Aware Multi-Sensor Auto-Encoder for Remote Sensing Images	ICCV2025	SMARTIES	link
SkySense V2	SkySense V2: A Unified Foundation Model for Multi-modal Remote Sensing	ICCV2025	SkySense V2	null
RS-vHeat	RS-vHeat: Heat Conduction Guided Efficient Remote Sensing Foundation Model	ICCV2025	RS-vHeat	null
RoMA	RoMA: Scaling up Mamba-based Foundation Models for Remote Sensing	NeurIPS2025	RoMA	link
GeoLink	GeoLink: Empowering Remote Sensing Foundation Model with OpenStreetMap Data	NeurIPS2025	GeoLink	link
CrossEarth	CrossEarth: Geospatial Vision Foundation Model for Domain Generalizable Remote Sensing Semantic Segmentation	IEEE TPAMI2025	CrossEarth	link
PhySwin	PhySwin: An Efficient and Physically-Informed Foundation Model for Multispectral Earth Observation	NeurIPS2025	PhySwin	null
FlexiMo	FlexiMo: A Flexible Remote Sensing Foundation Model	IEEE TGRS2026	FlexiMo	null
MAPEX	MAPEX: Modality-Aware Pruning of Experts for Remote Sensing Foundation Models	IEEE TGRS2026	MAPEX	link
-	A Complex-Valued SAR Foundation Model Based on Physically Inspired Representation Learning	IEEE TIP2026	Paper	null
MAESTRO	MAESTRO: Masked AutoEncoders for Multimodal, Multitemporal, and Multispectral Earth Observation Data	WACV2026	MAESTRO	link
RingMoE	RingMoE: Mixture-of-Modality-Experts Multi-Modal Foundation Models for Universal Remote Sensing Image Interpretation	IEEE TPAMI2026	RingMoE	null
Alliance	Alliance: All-in-One Spectral-Spatial-Frequency Awareness Foundation Model	IEEE TPAMI2026	Alliance	null
THOR	THOR: A Versatile Foundation Model for Earth Observation Climate and Society Applications	Arxiv2026	THOR	link
AgriFM	AgriFM: A multi-source temporal remote sensing foundation model for Agriculture mapping	RSE2026	Paper	link
SIGMAE	SIGMAE: A Spectral-Index-Guided Foundation Model for Multispectral Remote Sensing	Arxiv2026	SIGMAE	link
CrossEarth-SAR	CrossEarth-SAR: A SAR-Centric and Billion-Scale Geospatial Foundation Model for Domain Generalizable Semantic Segmentation	Arxiv2026	CrossEarth-SAR	link
NeighborMAE	NeighborMAE: Exploiting Spatial Dependencies between Neighboring Earth Observation Images in Masked Autoencoders Pretraining	CVPR2026	NeighborMAE	null
MOMO	MOMO: Mars Orbital Model Foundation Model for Mars Orbital Applications	CVPR2026	MOMO	link
TESSERA	TESSERA: Temporal Embeddings of Surface Spectra for Earth Representation and Analysis	CVPR2026	TESSERA	link
OlmoEarth	OlmoEarth: Stable Latent Image Modeling for Multimodal Earth Observation	CVPR2026	OlmoEarth	link
RAMEN	RAMEN: Resolution-Adjustable Multimodal Encoder for Earth Observation	CVPR2026	RAMEN	link
SARMAE	SARMAE: Masked Autoencoder for SAR Representation Learning	CVPR2026	SARMAE	link

Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Models

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Code & Weights
-	Charting New Territories: Exploring the Geographic and Geospatial Capabilities of Multimodal LLMs	Arxiv2023	Paper	link
-	Remote Sensing ChatGPT: Solving Remote Sensing Tasks with ChatGPT and Visual Models	Arxiv2024	Paper	link
SkyCLIP	SkyScript: A Large and Semantically Diverse Vision-Language Dataset for Remote Sensing	AAAI2024	SkyCLIP	link
GeoRSCLIP	RS5M and GeoRSCLIP: A Large Scale Vision-Language Dataset and A Large Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing	IEEE TGRS2024	GeoRSCLIP	link
RemoteCLIP	RemoteCLIP: A Vision Language Foundation Model for Remote Sensing	IEEE TGRS2024	RemoteCLIP	link
EarthGPT	EarthGPT: A Universal Multimodal Large Language Model for Multisensor Image Comprehension in Remote Sensing Domain	IEEE TGRS2024	EarthGPT	link
GRAFT	Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Models without Annotations via Ground Remote Alignment	ICLR2024	GRAFT	null
EarthMarker	EarthMarker: A Visual Prompting Multi-modal Large Language Model for Remote Sensing	IEEE TGRS2024	EarthMarker	link
RingMoGPT	RingMoGPT: A Unified Remote Sensing Foundation Model for Vision, Language, and Grounded Tasks	IEEE TGRS2024	RingMoGPT	null
RS-LLaVA	RS-LLaVA: Large Vision Language Model for Joint Captioning and Question Answering in Remote Sensing Imagery	RS2024	RS-LLaVA	link
GeoChat	GeoChat: Grounded Large Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing	CVPR2024	GeoChat	link
SkySenseGPT	SkySenseGPT: A Fine-Grained Instruction Tuning Dataset and Model for Remote Sensing Vision-Language Understanding	Arxiv2024	SkySenseGPT	link
RSCLIP	Pushing the Limits of Vision-Language Models in Remote Sensing without Human Annotations	Arxiv2024	RSCLIP	null
GeoText	Towards Natural Language-Guided Drones: GeoText-1652 Benchmark with Spatial Relation Matching	ECCV2024	GeoText	link
LHRS-Bot	LHRS-Bot: Empowering Remote Sensing with VGI-Enhanced Large Multimodal Language Model	ECCV2024	LHRS-Bot	link
GeoGround	GeoGround: A Unified Large Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing Visual Grounding	Arxiv2024	GeoGround	link
RSUniVLM	RSUniVLM: A Unified Vision Language Model for Remote Sensing via Granularity-oriented Mixture of Experts	Arxiv2024	RSUniVLM	null
REO-VLM	REO-VLM: Transforming VLM to Meet Regression Challenges in Earth Observation	Arxiv2024	REO-VLM	null
UniRS	UniRS: Unifying Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Tasks through Vision Language Models	Arxiv2024	UniRS	null
VHM	VHM: Versatile and Honest Vision Language Model for Remote Sensing Image Analysis	AAAI2025	VHM	link
-	Quality-Driven Curation of Remote Sensing Vision-Language Data via Learned Scoring Models	Arxiv2025	Paper	null
DOFA-CLIP	DOFA-CLIP: Multimodal Vision-Language Foundation Models for Earth Observation	Arxiv2025	DOFA-CLIP	link
Falcon	Falcon: A Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Model	Arxiv2025	Falcon	link
GeoRSMLLM	GeoRSMLLM: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Vision-Language Tasks in Geoscience and Remote Sensing	Arxiv2025	GeoRSMLLM	null
OmniGeo	OmniGeo: Towards a Multimodal Large Language Models for Geospatial Artificial Intelligence	Arxiv2025	OmniGeo	null
DGTRS-CLIP	DGTRSD & DGTRS-CLIP: A Dual-Granularity Remote Sensing Image-Text Dataset and Vision Language Foundation Model for Alignment	Arxiv2025	DGTRS-CLIP	link
EagleVision	EagleVision: Object-level Attribute Multimodal LLM for Remote Sensing	Arxiv2025	EagleVision	link
SkyEyeGPT	SkyEyeGPT: Unifying Remote Sensing Vision-Language Tasks via Instruction Tuning with Large Language Model	ISPRS JPRS2025	SkyEyeGPT	link
SegEarth-R1	SegEarth-R1: Geospatial Pixel Reasoning via Large Language Model	Arxiv2025	SegEarth-R1	link
EarthGPT-X	EarthGPT-X: A Spatial MLLM for Multi-level Multi-Source Remote Sensing Imagery Understanding with Visual Prompting	Arxiv2025	EarthGPT-X	link
TEOChat	TEOChat: A Large Vision-Language Assistant for Temporal Earth Observation Data	ICLR2025	TEOChat	link
LISAt	LISAt: Language-Instructed Segmentation Assistant for Satellite Imagery	Arxiv2025	LISAt	null
DynamicVL	DynamicVL: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Dynamic City Understanding	Arxiv2025	DynamicVL	null
RSGPT	RSGPT: A Remote Sensing Vision Language Model and Benchmark	ISPRS JPRS2025	RSGPT	link
LHRS-Bot-Nova	LHRS-Bot-Nova: Improved Multimodal Large Language Model for Remote Sensing Vision-Language Interpretation	ISPRS JPRS2025	LHRS-Bot-Nova	link
EarthDial	EarthDial: Turning Multi-sensory Earth Observations to Interactive Dialogues	CVPR2025	EarthDial	link
SkySense-O	SkySense-O: Towards Open-World Remote Sensing Interpretation with Vision-Centric Visual-Language Modeling	CVPR2025	SkySense-O	link
XLRS-Bench	XLRS-Bench: Could Your Multimodal LLMs Understand Extremely Large Ultra-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery?	CVPR2025	XLRS-Bench	null
GeoPix	GeoPix: Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Pixel-level Image Understanding in Remote Sensing	IEEE GRSM2025	GeoPix	link
Co-LLaVA	Co-LLaVA: Efficient Remote Sensing Visual Question Answering via Model Collaboration	RS2025	Co-LLaVA	null
RLita	RLita: A Region-Level Image-Text Alignment Method for Remote Sensing Foundation Model	RS2025	RLita	null
EarthMind	EarthMind: Leveraging Cross-Sensor Data for Advanced Earth Observation Interpretation with a Unified Multimodal LLM	Arxiv2025	EarthMind	link
-	Remote Sensing Large Vision-Language Model: Semantic-augmented Multi-level Alignment and Semantic-aware Expert Modeling	Arxiv2025	Paper	null
GeoPixel	GeoPixel: Pixel Grounding Large Multimodal Model in Remote Sensing	ICML2025	GeoPixel	link
RingMo-Agent	RingMo-Agent: A Unified Remote Sensing Foundation Model for Multi-Platform and Multi-Modal Reasoning	Arxiv2025	RingMo-Agent	null
Geo-R1	Geo-R1: Improving Few-Shot Geospatial Referring Expression Understanding with Reinforcement Fine-Tuning	Arxiv2025	Geo-R1	null
RSThinker	Towards Faithful Reasoning in Remote Sensing: A Perceptually-Grounded GeoSpatial Chain-of-Thought for Vision-Language Models	Arxiv2025	RSThinker	null
FUSAR-KLIP	FUSAR-KLIP: Towards Multimodal Foundation Models for Remote Sensing	Arxiv2025	FUSAR-KLIP	link
GeoMag	GeoMag: A Vision-Language Model for Pixel-level Fine-Grained Remote Sensing Image Parsing	ACMMM2025	GeoMag	null
RemoteSAM	RemoteSAM: Towards Segment Anything for Earth Observation	ACMMM2025	RemoteSAM	link
LRS-VQA	When Large Vision-Language Model Meets Large Remote Sensing Imagery: Coarse-to-Fine Text-Guided Token Pruning	ICCV2025	LRS-VQA	link
UrbanLLaVA	UrbanLLaVA: A Multi-modal Large Language Model for Urban Intelligence with Spatial Reasoning and Understanding	ICCV2025	UrbanLLaVA	link
SARCLIP	SARCLIP: a multimodal foundation framework for SAR imagery via contrastive language-image pre-training	ISPRS JPRS2025	SARCLIP	link
FUSE-RSVLM	FUSE-RSVLM: Feature Fusion Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing	Arxiv2025	FUSE-RSVLM	link
Aquila	Aquila: A Hierarchically Aligned Vision-Language Model for Enhanced Remote Sensing Image Comprehension	Journal of Remote Sensing 2026	Aquila	null
RSCoVLM	Co-Training Vision-Language Models for Remote Sensing Multi-Task Learning	RS2026	RSCoVLM	link
GeoReason	GeoReason: Aligning Thinking And Answering In Remote Sensing Vision-Language Models Via Logical Consistency Reinforcement Learning	Arxiv2026	GeoReason	link
RemoteReasoner	RemoteReasoner: Towards Unifying Geospatial Reasoning Workflow	AAAI2026	RemoteReasoner	null
SkyMoE	SkyMoE: A Vision-Language Foundation Model for Enhancing Geospatial Interpretation with Mixture of Experts	AAAI2026	SkyMoE	null
GeoEyes	GeoEyes: On-Demand Visual Focusing for Evidence-Grounded Understanding of Ultra-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery	Arxiv2026	GeoEyes	link
GeoSolver	GeoSolver: Scaling Test-Time Reasoning in Remote Sensing with Fine-Grained Process Supervision	Arxiv2026	GeoSolver	null
GeoAlignCLIP	GeoAlignCLIP: Enhancing Fine-Grained Vision-Language Alignment in Remote Sensing via Multi-Granular Consistency Learning	Arxiv2026	GeoAlignCLIP	null
RS-WorldModel	RS-WorldModel: a Unified Model for Remote Sensing Understanding and Future Sense Forecasting	Arxiv2026	RS-WorldModel	null
Decoding-the-Delta	Decoding the Delta: Unifying Remote Sensing Change Detection and Understanding with Multimodal Large Language Models	Arxiv2026	Paper	null
RemoteShield	RemoteShield: Enable Robust Multimodal Large Language Models for Earth Observation	Arxiv2026	RemoteShield	null
UniChange	UniChange: Unifying Change Detection with Multimodal Large Language Model	CVPR2026	UniChange	link
ZoomEarth	ZoomEarth: Active Perception for Ultra-High-Resolution Geospatial Vision-Language Tasks	CVPR2026	ZoomEarth	null
UniGeoSeg	UniGeoSeg: Towards Unified Open-World Segmentation for Geospatial Scenes	CVPR2026	UniGeoSeg	link
SegEarth-R2	SegEarth-R2: Towards Comprehensive Language-guided Segmentation for Remote Sensing Images	CVPR2026	SegEarth-R2	link
FUSAR-GPT	FUSAR-GPT: A Spatiotemporal Feature-Embedded and Two-Stage Decoupled Visual Language Model for SAR Imagery	CVPR2026	FUSAR-GPT	null
SATtxt	Spectrally Distilled Representations Aligned with Instruction-Augmented LLMs for Satellite Imagery	CVPR2026	SATtxt	link
TerraScope	TerraScope: Pixel-Grounded Visual Reasoning for Earth Observation	CVPR2026	TerraScope	null

Remote Sensing Generative Foundation Models

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Code & Weights
GeoRSSD	RS5M: A Large Scale Vision-Language Dataset for Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Model	Arxiv2023	Paper	link
-	Generate Your Own Scotland: Satellite Image Generation Conditioned on Maps	NeurIPSW2023	Paper	link
CRS-Diff	CRS-Diff: Controllable Remote Sensing Image Generation with Diffusion Model	Arxiv2024	Paper	link
DiffusionSat	DiffusionSat: A Generative Foundation Model for Satellite Imagery	ICLR2024	DiffusionSat	link
HSIGene	HSIGene: A Foundation Model For Hyperspectral Image Generation	Arxiv2024	Paper	link
Text2Earth	Text2Earth: Unlocking Text-driven Remote Sensing Image Generation with a Global-Scale Dataset and a Foundation Model	GRSM2025	Text2Earth	link
MetaEarth	MetaEarth: A Generative Foundation Model for Global-Scale Remote Sensing Image Generation	TPAMI2025	MetaEarth	link
EcoMapper	EcoMapper: Generative Modeling for Climate-Aware Satellite Imagery	ICML2025	EcoMapper	link
OSMGen	OSMGen: Highly Controllable Satellite Image Synthesis using OpenStreetMap Data	NeurIPSW2025	OSMGen	link
Any2RSI	Any2RSI: Controllable Remote Sensing Text-to-Image Generation via Any Control and Enriched Description	AAAI2026	Any2RSI	link
GeoDiT	GeoDiT: Point-Conditioned Diffusion Transformer for Satellite Image Synthesis	Arxiv2026	GeoDiT	null
MetaEarth3D	MetaEarth3D: Unlocking World-scale 3D Generation with Spatially Scalable Generative Modeling	Arxiv2026	MetaEarth3D	null

Remote Sensing Vision-Location Foundation Models

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Code & Weights
CSP	CSP: Self-Supervised Contrastive Spatial Pre-Training for Geospatial-Visual Representations	ICML2023	CSP	link
GeoCLIP	GeoCLIP: Clip-Inspired Alignment between Locations and Images for Effective Worldwide Geo-localization	NeurIPS2023	GeoCLIP	link
SatCLIP	SatCLIP: Global, General-Purpose Location Embeddings with Satellite Imagery	AAAI2025	SatCLIP	link
GAIR	GAIR: Location-Aware Self-Supervised Contrastive Pre-Training with Geo-Aligned Implicit Representations	Arxiv2025	GAIR	link
RANGE	RANGE: Retrieval Augmented Neural Fields for Multi-Resolution Geo-Embeddings	CVPR2025	RANGE	null
Geo²	Geo²: Geometry-Guided Cross-view Geo-Localization and Image Synthesis	CVPR2026	Geo²	null
GeoBridge	GeoBridge: A Semantic-Anchored Multi-View Foundation Model Bridging Images and Text for Geo-Localization	CVPR2026	GeoBridge	link

Remote Sensing Vision-Audio Foundation Models

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Code & Weights
-	Self-supervised audiovisual representation learning for remote sensing data	JAG2022	Paper	link
GeoBind	GeoBind: Binding Text, Image, and Audio through Satellite Images	IGARSS2024	GeoBind	null
PSM	PSM: Learning Probabilistic Embeddings for Multi-scale Zero-Shot Soundscape Mapping	ACM MM 2024	PSM	link
Sat2Sound	Sat2Sound: A Unified Framework for Zero-Shot Soundscape Mapping	Arxiv2025	Sat2Sound	null

Remote Sensing Agents

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Code & Weights
GeoLLM-QA	Evaluating Tool-Augmented Agents in Remote Sensing Platforms	ICLR 2024 ML4RS Workshop	Paper	null
GeoLLM-Engine	GeoLLM-Engine: A Realistic Environment for Building Geospatial Copilots.	CVPRW2024	Paper	null
RS-Agent	RS-Agent: Automating Remote Sensing Tasks through Intelligent Agent	Arxiv2024	Paper	null
Change-Agent	Change-Agent: Toward Interactive Comprehensive Remote Sensing Change Interpretation and Analysis	TGRS2024	Paper	link
GeoLLM-Squad	Multi-Agent Geospatial Copilots for Remote Sensing Workflows	Arxiv2025	Paper	null
-	Towards LLM Agents for Earth Observation: The UnivEARTH Dataset	Arxiv2025	Paper	null
AirSpatialBot	AirSpatialBot: A Spatially Aware Aerial Agent for Fine-Grained Vehicle Attribute Recognition and Retrieval	IEEE TGRS2025	Paper	link
ThinkGeo	ThinkGeo: Evaluating Tool-Augmented Agents for Remote Sensing Tasks	Arxiv2025	Paper	link
PEACE	PEACE: Empowering Geologic Map Holistic Understanding with MLLMs	CVPR2025	Paper	link
Geo-OLM	Geo-OLM: Enabling Sustainable Earth Observation Studies with Cost-Efficient Open Language Models & State-Driven Workflows	COMPASS'2025	Paper	link
REMSA	REMSA: Foundation Model Selection for Remote Sensing via a Constraint-Aware Agent	Arxiv2025	Paper	link
OpenEarthAgent	OpenEarthAgent: A Unified Framework for Tool-Augmented Geospatial Agents	Arxiv2026	Paper	link
OpenEarth-Agent	OpenEarth-Agent: From Tool Calling to Tool Creation for Open-Environment Earth Observation	Arxiv2026	Paper	link
Earth-Agent	Earth-Agent: Unlocking the Full Landscape of Earth Observation with Agents	ICLR2026	Paper	link
GeoMMAgent	GeoMMBench and GeoMMAgent: Toward Expert-Level Multimodal Intelligence in Geoscience and Remote Sensing	CVPR2026	Paper	null
IMAIA	IMAIA: Interactive Maps AI Assistant for Travel Planning and Geo-Spatial Intelligence	CVPR2026	Paper	null

Benchmarks for RSFMs

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Link	Downstream Tasks
-	Revisiting pre-trained remote sensing model benchmarks: resizing and normalization matters	Arxiv2023	Paper	link	Classification
GEO-Bench	GEO-Bench: Toward Foundation Models for Earth Monitoring	Arxiv2023	Paper	link	Classification & Segmentation
FoMo-Bench	FoMo: Multi-Modal, Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Remote Sensing Foundation Models for Forest Monitoring	Arxiv2023	FoMo-Bench	Coming soon	Classification & Segmentation & Detection for forest monitoring
PhilEO	PhilEO Bench: Evaluating Geo-Spatial Foundation Models	Arxiv2024	Paper	link	Segmentation & Regression estimation
SkySense	SkySense: A Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Foundation Model Towards Universal Interpretation for Earth Observation Imagery	CVPR2024	SkySense	Targeted open-source	Classification & Segmentation & Detection & Change detection & Multi-Modal Segmentation: Time-insensitive LandCover Mapping & Multi-Modal Segmentation: Time-sensitive Crop Mapping & Multi-Modal Scene Classification
VLEO-Bench	Good at captioning, bad at counting: Benchmarking GPT-4V on Earth observation data	Arxiv2024	VLEO-bench	link	Location Recognition & Captioning & Scene Classification & Counting & Detection & Change detection
VRSBench	VRSBench: A Versatile Vision-Language Benchmark Dataset for Remote Sensing Image Understanding	NeurIPS2024	VRSBench	link	Image Captioning & Object Referring & Visual Question Answering
UrBench	UrBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models in Multi-View Urban Scenarios	AAAI2025	UrBench	link	Object Referring & Visual Question Answering & Counting & Scene Classification & Location Recognition & Geolocalization
PANGAEA	PANGAEA: A Global and Inclusive Benchmark for Geospatial Foundation Models	Arxiv2024	PANGAEA	link	Segmentation & Change detection & Regression
CHOICE	CHOICE: Evaluating and Understanding Vision-Language Model Choices in Remote Sensing	NeurIPS2025	CHOICE	link	Perception & Reasoning
GEO-Bench-VLM	GEO-Bench-VLM: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models for Geospatial Tasks	ICCV2025	GEO-Bench-VLM	link	Scene Understanding & Counting & Object Classification & Event Detection & Spatial Relations
Copernicus-Bench	Towards a Unified Copernicus Foundation Model for Earth Vision	ICCV2025	Copernicus-Bench	link	Segmentation & Classification & Change detection & Regression
REOBench	REOBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Earth Observation Foundation Models	Arxiv2025	REOBench	link	Robustness across 6 Earth observation tasks
Plantation Bench	Plantation Bench: A Multiscale, Multimodal Remote Sensing Benchmark for Plantation Mapping Under Distribution Shift	ICCVW2025	Plantation Bench	null	Plantation Mapping under Distribution Shift
ChatEarthBench	ChatEarthBench: Benchmarking multimodal large language models for Earth observation	IEEE GRSM2026	ChatEarthBench	null	Benchmarking EO multimodal large language models
GeoReason-Bench	GeoReason: Aligning Thinking And Answering In Remote Sensing Vision-Language Models Via Logical Consistency Reinforcement Learning	Arxiv2026	GeoReason-Bench	link	Logical consistency & multi-step reasoning
Earth-Bench	Earth-Agent: Unlocking the Full Landscape of Earth Observation with Agents (Earth-Bench is the benchmark introduced in this paper)	ICLR2026	Earth-Agent	link	Tool-augmented EO reasoning & multi-step planning & quantitative spatiotemporal analysis
OmniEarth	OmniEarth: A Benchmark for Evaluating Vision-Language Models in Geospatial Tasks	Arxiv2026	OmniEarth	link	Perception & Reasoning & Robustness across geospatial tasks
SpatialSky-Bench	Is your VLM Sky-Ready? A Comprehensive Spatial Intelligence Benchmark for UAV Navigation	CVPR2026	SpatialSky-Bench	null	UAV spatial intelligence evaluation for Vision-Language Models
GeoMMBench	GeoMMBench and GeoMMAgent: Toward Expert-Level Multimodal Intelligence in Geoscience and Remote Sensing	CVPR2026	GeoMMBench	null	Expert-level multimodal QA across RS disciplines, sensors & tasks
RSVLM-QA	RSVLM-QA: A Benchmark Dataset for Remote Sensing Vision Language Model-based Question Answering	ACM MM2025	RSVLM-QA	link	Visual Question Answering & Image Captioning & Counting
Geo3DVQA	Geo3DVQA: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for 3D Geospatial Reasoning from Aerial Imagery	WACV2026	Geo3DVQA	link	3D geospatial reasoning & height-aware spatial analysis
OpenEarth-Bench	OpenEarth-Agent: From Tool Calling to Tool Creation for Open-Environment Earth Observation (OpenEarth-Bench is the benchmark introduced in this paper)	Arxiv2026	OpenEarth-Agent	link	Full-pipeline EO across 7 application domains
GeoAgentBench	GeoAgentBench: A Dynamic Execution Benchmark for Tool-Augmented Agents in Spatial Analysis	Arxiv2026	GeoAgentBench	null	Dynamic execution evaluation for tool-augmented GIS agents

(Large-scale) Pre-training Datasets

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Attribute	Link
fMoW	Functional Map of the World	CVPR2018	fMoW	Vision	link
SEN12MS	SEN12MS -- A Curated Dataset of Georeferenced Multi-Spectral Sentinel-1/2 Imagery for Deep Learning and Data Fusion	-	SEN12MS	Vision	link
BEN-MM	BigEarthNet-MM: A Large Scale Multi-Modal Multi-Label Benchmark Archive for Remote Sensing Image Classification and Retrieval	GRSM2021	BEN-MM	Vision	link
MillionAID	On Creating Benchmark Dataset for Aerial Image Interpretation: Reviews, Guidances, and Million-AID	JSTARS2021	MillionAID	Vision	link
SeCo	Seasonal Contrast: Unsupervised Pre-Training From Uncurated Remote Sensing Data	ICCV2021	SeCo	Vision	link
fMoW-S2	SatMAE: Pre-training Transformers for Temporal and Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery	NeurIPS2022	fMoW-S2	Vision	link
TOV-RS-Balanced	TOV: The original vision model for optical remote sensing image understanding via self-supervised learning	JSTARS2023	TOV	Vision	link
SSL4EO-S12	SSL4EO-S12: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal, Multi-Temporal Dataset for Self-Supervised Learning in Earth Observation	GRSM2023	SSL4EO-S12	Vision	link
SSL4EO-L	SSL4EO-L: Datasets and Foundation Models for Landsat Imagery	Arxiv2023	SSL4EO-L	Vision	link
SatlasPretrain	SatlasPretrain: A Large-Scale Dataset for Remote Sensing Image Understanding	ICCV2023	SatlasPretrain	Vision (Supervised)	link
CACo	Change-Aware Sampling and Contrastive Learning for Satellite Images	CVPR2023	CACo	Vision	Coming soon
SAMRS	SAMRS: Scaling-up Remote Sensing Segmentation Dataset with Segment Anything Model	NeurIPS2023	SAMRS	Vision	link
RSVG	RSVG: Exploring Data and Models for Visual Grounding on Remote Sensing Data	TGRS2023	RSVG	Vision-Language	link
RS5M	RS5M: A Large Scale Vision-Language Dataset for Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Model	Arxiv2023	RS5M	Vision-Language	link
GEO-Bench	GEO-Bench: Toward Foundation Models for Earth Monitoring	Arxiv2023	GEO-Bench	Vision (Evaluation)	link
RSICap & RSIEval	RSGPT: A Remote Sensing Vision Language Model and Benchmark	Arxiv2023	RSGPT	Vision-Language	Coming soon
Clay	Clay Foundation Model	-	null	Vision	link
SATIN	SATIN: A Multi-Task Metadataset for Classifying Satellite Imagery using Vision-Language Models	ICCVW2023	SATIN	Vision-Language	link
SkyScript	SkyScript: A Large and Semantically Diverse Vision-Language Dataset for Remote Sensing	AAAI2024	SkyScript	Vision-Language	link
ChatEarthNet	ChatEarthNet: a global-scale image-text dataset empowering vision-language geo-foundation models	ESSD2025	ChatEarthNet	Vision-Language	link
LuoJiaHOG	LuoJiaHOG: A hierarchy oriented geo-aware image caption dataset for remote sensing image-text retrieval	ISPRS JPRS2025	LuoJiaHOG	Vision-Language	null
MMEarth	MMEarth: Exploring Multi-Modal Pretext Tasks For Geospatial Representation Learning	Arxiv2024	MMEarth	Vision	link
SeeFar	SeeFar: Satellite Agnostic Multi-Resolution Dataset for Geospatial Foundation Models	Arxiv2024	SeeFar	Vision	link
FIT-RS	SkySenseGPT: A Fine-Grained Instruction Tuning Dataset and Model for Remote Sensing Vision-Language Understanding	Arxiv2024	Paper	Vision-Language	link
RS-GPT4V	RS-GPT4V: A Unified Multimodal Instruction-Following Dataset for Remote Sensing Image Understanding	Arxiv2024	Paper	Vision-Language	link
RS-4M	Harnessing Massive Satellite Imagery with Efficient Masked Image Modeling	ICCV2025	RS-4M	Vision	link
Major TOM	Major TOM: Expandable Datasets for Earth Observation	Arxiv2024	Major TOM	Vision	link
VRSBench	VRSBench: A Versatile Vision-Language Benchmark Dataset for Remote Sensing Image Understanding	NeurIPS2024	VRSBench	Vision-Language	link
MMM-RS	MMM-RS: A Multi-modal, Multi-GSD, Multi-scene Remote Sensing Dataset and Benchmark for Text-to-Image Generation	Arxiv2024	MMM-RS	Vision-Language	link
DDFAV	DDFAV: Remote Sensing Large Vision Language Models Dataset and Evaluation Benchmark	RS2025	DDFAV	Vision-Language	link
M3LEO	A Multi-Modal, Multi-Label Earth Observation Dataset Integrating Interferometric SAR and Multispectral Data	NeurIPS2024	M3LEO	Vision	link
Copernicus-Pretrain	Towards a Unified Copernicus Foundation Model for Earth Vision	ICCV2025	Copernicus-Pretrain	Vision	link
DGTRSD	DGTRSD & DGTRS-CLIP: A Dual-Granularity Remote Sensing Image-Text Dataset and Vision Language Foundation Model for Alignment	Arxiv2025	Paper	Vision-Language	link
EarthDial-Instruct	EarthDial: Turning Multi-sensory Earth Observations to Interactive Dialogues	CVPR2025	Paper	Vision-Language	link
GeoPixelD	GeoPixel: Pixel Grounding Large Multimodal Model in Remote Sensing	ICML2025	Paper	Vision-Language	link
GeoPixInstruct	GeoPix: Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Pixel-level Image Understanding in Remote Sensing	IEEE GRSM2025	Paper	Vision-Language	link
GeoLangBind-2M	Rethinking Remote Sensing CLIP: Leveraging Multimodal Large Language Models for High-Quality Vision-Language Dataset	ICONIP2024	Paper	Vision-Language	link
Falcon_SFT	Falcon: A Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Model	Arxiv2025	Paper	Vision-Language	link
UnivEARTH	Towards LLM Agents for Earth Observation: The UnivEARTH Dataset	Arxiv2025	Paper	Vision-Language & Agents	null
RemoteSAM-270K	RemoteSAM: Towards Segment Anything for Earth Observation	ACMMM2025	Paper	Vision-Language	link
OpenEarthAgent Dataset	OpenEarthAgent: A Unified Framework for Tool-Augmented Geospatial Agents	Arxiv2026	Paper	Vision-Language & Agents	link
UHR-CoZ	GeoEyes: On-Demand Visual Focusing for Evidence-Grounded Understanding of Ultra-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery	Arxiv2026	Paper	Vision-Language	link
SOMA-1M	SOMA-1M: A Large-Scale SAR-Optical Multi-resolution Alignment Dataset for Multi-Task Remote Sensing	Arxiv2026	SOMA-1M	Vision (SAR-Optical)	link

Embeddings data

Abbreviation	Title	Publication	Paper	Code	Dataset / Product
CLAY Embeddings	Clay Model v0 Embeddings	Source Cooperative2024	null	link	link
Major TOM Embeddings	Global and Dense Embeddings of Earth: Major TOM Floating in the Latent Space	Arxiv2024	Paper	link	link
Earth Genome Embeddings	Embeddings for all	Medium2025	Paper	null	link
TESSERA	TESSERA: Temporal Embeddings of Surface Spectra for Earth Representation and Analysis	CVPR2026	Paper	link	link
AlphaEarth	AlphaEarth Foundations: An embedding field model for accurate and efficient global mapping from sparse label data	Arxiv2025	Paper	null	link
ESD	Democratizing planetary-scale analysis: An ultra-lightweight Earth embedding database for accurate and flexible global land monitoring	Arxiv2026	Paper	link	link
Copernicus-Embed	Towards a Unified Copernicus Foundation Model for Earth Vision	ICCV2025 Oral	Paper	link	link

Relevant Projects

Title	Link	Brief Introduction
RSFMs (Remote Sensing Foundation Models) Playground	link	An open-source playground to streamline the evaluation and fine-tuning of RSFMs on various datasets.
PANGAEA	link	A Global and Inclusive Benchmark for Geospatial Foundation Models.
GeoFM	link	Evaluation of Foundation Models for Earth Observation.
rs-embed	link	One line code to get Any Remote Sensing Foundation Model (RSFM) embeddings for Any Place and Any Time.
TerraTorch	link	A PyTorch toolkit for fine-tuning Geospatial Foundation Models, supporting Prithvi, TerraMind, SatMAE, ScaleMAE, DOFA, Clay, and more.
TorchGeo	link	A PyTorch domain library for geospatial data, providing datasets, samplers, transforms, and pre-trained models.
Awesome-Geospatial-Embeddings	link	A curated list of papers on how to represent Earth data in embedding space — spatial, temporal, or semantic.

Survey/Commentary Papers

Title	Publication	Paper	Attribute
The Potential of Visual ChatGPT For Remote Sensing	Arxiv2023	Paper	Vision-Language
Self-Supervised Remote Sensing Feature Learning: Learning Paradigms, Challenges, and Future Works	TGRS2023	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
Revisiting pre-trained remote sensing model benchmarks: resizing and normalization matters	Arxiv2023	Paper	Vision
An Agenda for Multimodal Foundation Models for Earth Observation	IGARSS2023	Paper	Vision
遥感大模型：进展与前瞻	武汉大学学报 (信息科学版) 2023	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
地理人工智能样本：模型、质量与服务	武汉大学学报 (信息科学版) 2023	Paper	-
Brain-Inspired Remote Sensing Foundation Models and Open Problems: A Comprehensive Survey	JSTARS2023	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
遥感基础模型发展综述与未来设想	遥感学报2023	Paper	-
On the Promises and Challenges of Multimodal Foundation Models for Geographical, Environmental, Agricultural, and Urban Planning Applications	Arxiv2023	Paper	Vision-Language
Transfer learning in environmental remote sensing	RSE2024	Paper	Transfer learning
Vision-Language Models in Remote Sensing: Current Progress and Future Trends	IEEE GRSM2024	Paper	Vision-Language
On the Foundations of Earth and Climate Foundation Models	Arxiv2024	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
多模态遥感基础大模型：研究现状与未来展望	测绘学报2024	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language & Generative & Vision-Location
Towards Vision-Language Geo-Foundation Model: A Survey	Arxiv2024	Paper	Vision-Language
Vision Foundation Models in Remote Sensing: A Survey	Arxiv2024	Paper	Vision
Foundation model for generalist remote sensing intelligence: Potentials and prospects	Science Bulletin2024	Paper	-
Advancements in Visual Language Models for Remote Sensing: Datasets, Capabilities, and Enhancement Techniques	Arxiv2024	Paper	Vision-Language
When Geoscience Meets Foundation Models: Toward a general geoscience artificial intelligence system	IEEE GRSM2024	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
Towards the next generation of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence	JAG2025	Paper	-
When Remote Sensing Meets Foundation Model: A Survey and Beyond	RS2025	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language & Generative & Agents
Vision Foundation Models in Remote Sensing: A survey	IEEE GRSM2025	Paper	Vision
Remote Sensing Tuning: A Survey	CVM2025	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
Unleashing the potential of remote sensing foundation models via bridging data and computility islands	The Innovation2025	Paper	-
A Survey on Remote Sensing Foundation Models: From Vision to Multimodality	Arxiv2025	Paper	-
Foundation Models for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation: A survey	IEEE GRSM2025	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
Vision-Language Modeling Meets Remote Sensing: Models, datasets, and perspectives	IEEE GRSM2025	Paper	Vision-Language
MIMRS: A Survey on Masked Image Modeling in Remote Sensing	IGARSS2025	Paper	Vision
A Review of Challenges and Applications in Remote Sensing Foundation Models	IGARSS2025	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
On the Status of Foundation Models for SAR Imagery	Arxiv2025	Paper	Vision (SAR)
Advances on Multimodal Remote Sensing Foundation Models for Earth Observation Downstream Tasks: A Survey	RS2025	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
Agentic AI in Remote Sensing: Foundations, Taxonomy, and Emerging Systems	WACVW2026	Paper	Agents
Onboard Deployment of Remote Sensing Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Review of Architecture, Optimization, and Hardware	RS2026	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
On the foundations of Earth foundation models	Communications Earth & Environment 2026	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
A Genealogy of Foundation Models in Remote Sensing	ACM TSAS2026	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language
Foundation Models in Remote Sensing: Evolving from Unimodality to Multimodality	IEEE GRSM2026	Paper	Vision & Vision-Language

Citation

If you find this repository useful, please consider giving a star :star: and citation:

@inproceedings{guo2024skysense,
  title={Skysense: A multi-modal remote sensing foundation model towards universal interpretation for earth observation imagery},
  author={Guo, Xin and Lao, Jiangwei and Dang, Bo and Zhang, Yingying and Yu, Lei and Ru, Lixiang and Zhong, Liheng and Huang, Ziyuan and Wu, Kang and Hu, Dingxiang and others},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
  pages={27672--27683},
  year={2024}
}

@article{li2025unleashing,
  title={Unleashing the potential of remote sensing foundation models via bridging data and computility islands},
  author={Li, Yansheng and Tan, Jieyi and Dang, Bo and Ye, Mang and Bartalev, Sergey A and Shinkarenko, Stanislav and Wang, Linlin and Zhang, Yingying and Ru, Lixiang and Guo, Xin and others},
  journal={The Innovation},
  year={2025},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{wu2025semantic,
  author = {Wu, Kang and Zhang, Yingying and Ru, Lixiang and Dang, Bo and Lao, Jiangwei and Yu, Lei and Luo, Junwei and Zhu, Zifan and Sun, Yue and Zhang, Jiahao and Zhu, Qi and Wang, Jian and Yang, Ming and Chen, Jingdong and Zhang, Yongjun and Li, Yansheng},
  title= {A semantic‑enhanced multi‑modal remote sensing foundation model for Earth observation},
  journal= {Nature Machine Intelligence},
  year= {2025},
  doi= {10.1038/s42256-025-01078-8},
  url= {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-025-01078-8}
}

@inproceedings{zhu2025skysense,
  title={Skysense-o: Towards open-world remote sensing interpretation with vision-centric visual-language modeling},
  author={Zhu, Qi and Lao, Jiangwei and Ji, Deyi and Luo, Junwei and Wu, Kang and Zhang, Yingying and Ru, Lixiang and Wang, Jian and Chen, Jingdong and Yang, Ming and others},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference},
  pages={14733--14744},
  year={2025}
}

@article{luo2024skysensegpt,
  title={Skysensegpt: A fine-grained instruction tuning dataset and model for remote sensing vision-language understanding},
  author={Luo, Junwei and Pang, Zhen and Zhang, Yongjun and Wang, Tingzhu and Wang, Linlin and Dang, Bo and Lao, Jiangwei and Wang, Jian and Chen, Jingdong and Tan, Yihua and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.10100},
  year={2024}
}