Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Survey

Henghui Ding · Song Tang · Shuting He · Chang Liu · Zuxuan Wu · Yu-Gang Jiang

An Illustration of Multimodal Referring Segmentation Tasks.

An Illustration of Multimodal Referring Segmentation Representative Works.

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Table of contents

1. Referring Expression Segmentation (RES)
2. Referring Video-Object Segmentation (RVOS)
3. Referring Audio-Visual Segmentation (RAVS)
4. 3D Referring Expression Segmentation (3D-RES)
5. Generalized Referring Expression x (GREx)
6. Application

1. Referring Expression Segmentation (RES)

Title	Source	Code / Homepage
[ORES]Refer to Any Segmentation Mask Group With Vision-Language Prompts		Homepage
[Falcon Perception]Falcon Perception
[DR$^2$Seg]DR$^2$Seg: Decomposed Two-Stage Rollouts for Efficient Reasoning Segmentation in Multimodal Large Language Models
[CroBIM-U]CroBIM-U: Uncertainty-Driven Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
[IBISAgent]IBISAgent: Reinforcing Pixel-Level Visual Reasoning in MLLMs for Universal
[EVOL-SAM3]Evolving, Not Training: Zero-Shot Reasoning Segmentation via Evolutionary Prompting
[SSA]Spatial-aware Symmetric Alignment for Text-guided Medical Image Segmentation
[Think2Seg-RS]Bridging Semantics and Geometry: A Decoupled LVLM-SAM Framework for Reasoning Segmentation in Remote Sensing
[OmniRIS]Omni-Referring Image Segmentation
[UniGeoSeg]UniGeoSeg: Towards Unified Open-World Segmentation for Geospatial Scenes
[SaFiRe]SaFiRe: Saccade-Fixation Reiteration with Mamba for Referring Image Segmentation		Homepage
[UniPixel]UniPixel: Unified Object Referring and Segmentation for Pixel-Level Visual Reasoning
[LRB-WREL]Understanding What Is Not Said:Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Scarce Expressions
[CSINet]Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Cross-view Semantics Interaction Network
[DGL-RSIS]DGL-RSIS: Decoupling Global Spatial Context and Local Class Semantics for Training-Free Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
[RIS-FUSION]RIS-FUSION: Rethinking Text-Driven Infrared and Visible Image Fusion from the Perspective of Referring Image Segmentation
[SVP]Re-purposing SAM into Efficient Visual Projectors for MLLM-Based Referring Image Segmentation
[UGround]UGround: Towards Unified Visual Grounding with Unrolled Transformers
[CoT Referring]CoT Referring: Improving Referring Expression Tasks with Grounded Reasoning
[MedSeg EarlyFusion]A Text-Image Fusion Method with Data Augmentation Capabilities for Referring Medical Image Segmentation
[PixelRefer]PixelRefer: A Unified Framework for Spatio-Temporal Object Referring with Arbitrary Granularity
[RefAM]RefAM: Attention Magnets for Zero-Shot Referral Segmentation		Homepage
[CoPatch]CoPatch: Zero-Shot Referring Image Segmentation by Leveraging Untapped Spatial Knowledge in CLIP
[Latent-VG]Latent Expression Generation for Referring Image Segmentation and Grounding
[RIS-LAD]RIS-LAD: A Benchmark and Model for Referring Low-Altitude Drone Image Segmentation
[X-SAM]X-SAM: From Segment Anything to Any Segmentation
[Seg-R1]Seg-R1: Segmentation Can Be Surprisingly Simple with Reinforcement Learning
[ELBO-T2IAlign]ELBO-T2IAlign: A Generic ELBO-Based Method for Calibrating Pixel-level Text-Image Alignment in Diffusion Models
[MBA]MBA: Multimodal Bidirectional Attack for Referring Expression Segmentation Models
[FOCUS]FOCUS: Unified Vision-Language Modeling for Interactive Editing Driven by Referential Segmentation
[NWPU-Refer]A Large-Scale Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark
[SegVLM]Deformable Attentive Visual Enhancement for Referring Segmentation Using Vision-Language Model
[RemoteSAM] RemoteSAM: Towards Segment Anything for Earth Observation
[LISAT] LISAT: Language-Instructed Segmentation Assistant for Satellite Imagery		Homepage
[PRS-Med] PRS-Med: Position Reasoning Segmentation with Vision-Language Model in Medical Imaging
[RVTBench] RVTBench: A Benchmark for Visual Reasoning Tasks
[SAM-R1] SAM-R1: Leveraging SAM for Reward Feedback in Multimodal Segmentation via Reinforcement Learning
[VisionReasoner] VisionReasoner: Unified Visual Perception and Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning
[ReasoningSeg Survey] Reasoning Segmentation for Images and Videos: A Survey
[PixelThink] PixelThink: Towards Efficient Chain-of-Pixel Reasoning
[SynRES] SynRES: Towards Referring Expression Segmentation in the Wild via Synthetic Data
[RESAnything]RESAnything: Attribute Prompting for Arbitrary Referring Segmentation		Homepage
[Pixel-SAIL] Pixel-SAIL: Single Transformer For Pixel-Grounded Understanding
[LVLM_CSP] LVLM_CSP: Accelerating Large Vision Language Models via Clustering, Scattering, and Pruning for Reasoning Segmentation
[SegEarth-R1] SegEarth-R1: Geospatial Pixel Reasoning via Large Language Model
[UniRES++] Towards Unified Referring Expression Segmentation Across Omni-Level Visual Target Granularities
[MediSee] MediSee: Reasoning-based Pixel-level Perception in Medical Images
[PLVL] Progressive Language-guided Visual Learning for Multi-Task Visual Grounding
[UFO] UFO: A Unified Approach to Fine-grained Visual Perception via Open-ended Language Interface
[GroundingSuite] GroundingSuite: Measuring Complex Multi-Granular Pixel Grounding
[UniVG] UniVG: A Generalist Diffusion Model for Unified Image Generation and Editing
[AURA] Unveiling the Invisible: Reasoning Complex Occlusions Amodally with AURA
[Seg-Zero] Seg-Zero: Reasoning-Chain Guided Segmentation via Cognitive Reinforcement
[AeroReformer] AeroReformer: Aerial Referring Transformer for UAV-based Referring Image Segmentation
[PixFoundation] PixFoundation: Are We Heading in the Right Direction with Pixel-level Vision Foundation Models?
[MIRAS] Pixel-Level Reasoning Segmentation via Multi-turn Conversations
[NegRefCOCOg & NegationCLIP] Know "No" Better: A Data-Driven Approach for Enhancing Negation Awareness in CLIP
[DETRIS] Densely Connected Parameter-Efficient Tuning for Referring Image Segmentation
[MVP-LM]Advancing Visual Large Language Model for Multi-granular Versatile Perception
[DeRIS]DeRIS: Decoupling Perception and Cognition for Enhanced Referring Image Segmentation through Loopback Synergy
[RGA3]Object-centric Video Question Answering with Visual Grounding and Referring		Homepage
[SegAgent] SegAgent: Exploring Pixel Understanding Capabilities in MLLMs by Imitating Human Annotator Trajectories
[HybridGL] Hybrid Global-Local Representation with Augmented Spatial Guidance for Zero-Shot Referring Image Segmentation
[READ] Reasoning to Attend: Try to Understand How Token Works
[WeakMCN] WeakMCN: Multi-task Collaborative Network for Weakly Supervised Referring Expression Comprehension and Segmentation
[MIMO] MIMO: A Medical Vision Language Model with Visual Referring Multimodal Input and Pixel Grounding Multimodal Output
[DViN] DViN: Dynamic Visual Routing Network for Weakly Supervised Referring Expression Comprehension
[POPEN] POPEN: Preference-Based Optimization and Ensemble for LVLM-Based Reasoning Segmentation		Homepage
[ADDP] Aligning Generative Denoising with Discriminative Objectives Unleashes Diffusion for Visual Perception
[MMR] MMR: A Large-scale Benchmark Dataset for Multi-target and Multi-granularity Reasoning Segmentation
[SegLLM] SegLLM: Multi-round Reasoning Segmentation		Homepage
[Text4Seg] Text4Seg: Reimagining Image Segmentation as Text Generation		Homepage
[Segment Anyword] Segment Anyword: Mask Prompt Inversion for Open-Set Grounded Segmentation		Homepage
[IteRPrimE] IteRPrimE: Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Iterative Grad-CAM Refinement and Primary Word Emphasis
[PRIMA] PRIMA: Multi-Image Vision-Language Models for Reasoning Segmentation
[MaTTR]Mask-aware Text-to-Image Retrieval: Referring Expression Segmentation Meets Cross-modal Retrieval
[RSVP] RSVP: Reasoning Segmentation via Visual Prompting and Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought
[RESMatch] RESMatch: Referring Expression Segmentation in a Semi-Supervised Manner
[FIANet] Exploring Fine-Grained Image-Text Alignment for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
[InstructSeg] InstructSeg: Unifying Instructed Visual Segmentation with Multi-modal Large Language Models
[MaskRIS] MaskRIS: Semantic Distortion-aware Data Augmentation for Referring Image Segmentation
[CroBIM] Cross-Modal Bidirectional Interaction Model for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
[PVP] How Well Can Vision Language Models See Image Details?
[EAVL] EAVL: Explicitly Align Vision and Language for Referring Image Segmentation
[Shared-RIS] A Simple Baseline with Single-encoder for Referring Image Segmentation
[EVF-SAM] EVF-SAM: Early Vision-Language Fusion for Text-Prompted Segment Anything Model
[S2RM] Spatial Semantic Recurrent Mining for Referring Image Segmentation
[LaSagnA] LaSagnA: Language-based Segmentation Assistant for Complex Queries
[LLaVASeg] Empowering Segmentation Ability to Multi-modal Large Language Models
[BSAP] Towards Alleviating Text-to-Image Retrieval Hallucination for CLIP in Zero-shot Learning
[GELLA] Generalizable Entity Grounding via Assistance of Large Language Model
[CPRN] Collaborative Position Reasoning Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[Grounded SAM] Grounded SAM: Assembling Open-World Models for Diverse Visual Tasks
[F-LMM] F-LMM: Grounding Frozen Large Multimodal Models
[SESAME] See Say and Segment: Teaching LMMs to Overcome False Premises
[LQMFormer] LQMFormer: Language-aware Query Mask Transformer for Referring Image Segmentation
[PerceptionGPT] PerceptionGPT: Effectively Fusing Visual Perception into LLM
[PixelLM] PixelLM: Pixel Reasoning with Large Multimodal Model		Homepage
[Osprey] Osprey: Pixel Understanding with Visual Instruction Tuning
[GLaMM] GLaMM: Pixel Grounding Large Multimodal Model
[RMSIN] Rotated Multi-Scale Interaction Network for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
[CaR] CLIP as RNN: Segment Countless Visual Concepts without Training Endeavor
[GeoChat] GeoChat: Grounded Large Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing
[PPT] Curriculum Point Prompting for Weakly-Supervised Referring Image Segmentation
[Prompt-RIS] Prompt-Driven Referring Image Segmentation with Instance Contrasting
[AnyRef] Multi-modal Instruction Tuned LLMs with Fine-grained Visual Perception
[MRES & UniRES & Refcocom] Unveiling Parts Beyond Objects:Towards Finer-Granularity Referring Expression Segmentation
[GSVA] GSVA: Generalized Segmentation via Multimodal Large Language Models
[Barleria] Barleria: An Efficient Tuning Framework for Referring Image Segmentation
[OneRef] OneRef: Unified One-tower Expression Grounding and Segmentation with Mask Referring Modeling
[PCNet] Boosting Weakly-Supervised Referring Image Segmentation via Progressive Comprehension
[OMGLLaVA]OMG-LLaVA: Bridging Image-level, Object-level, Pixel-level Reasoning and Understanding
[VRSBench] VRSBench: A Versatile Vision-Language Benchmark Dataset for Remote Sensing Image Understanding
[PSALM] PSALM: Pixelwise SegmentAtion with Large Multi-Modal Model
[NeMo] Finding NeMo: Negative-mined Mosaic Augmentation for Referring Image Segmentation		Homepage
[CoReS] CoReS: Orchestrating the Dance of Reasoning and Segmentation
[SAM4MLLM] SAM4MLLM: Enhance Multi-Modal Large Language Model for Referring Expression Segmentation
[Pseudo-RIS] Pseudo-RIS: Distinctive Pseudo-supervision Generation for Referring Image Segmentation
[GTMS] GTMS: A Gradient-driven Tree-guided Mask-free Referring Image Segmentation Method
[ReMamber] ReMamber: Referring Image Segmentation with Mamba Twister
[SafaRi] SafaRi:Adaptive Sequence Transformer for Weakly Supervised Referring Expression Segmentation		Homepage
[SegVG] SegVG: Transferring Object Bounding Box to Segmentation for Visual Grounding
[SemiRES] SAM as the Guide: Mastering Pseudo-Label Refinement in Semi-Supervised Referring Expression Segmentation
[NExT-Chat] NExT-Chat: An LMM for Chat, Detection and Segmentation
[LAVT-RS] Language-Aware Vision Transformer for Referring Segmentation
[Segment-Select-Correct] Segment, Select, Correct: A Framework for Weakly-Supervised Referring Segmentation
[yan2024fuse] Fuse & Calibrate: A bi-directional Vision-Language Guided Framework for Referring Image Segmentation
[VATEX] Vision-Aware Text Features in Referring Image Segmentation: From Object Understanding to Context Understanding
[HARIS] HARIS: Human-Like Attention for Reference Image Segmentation
[yan2024calibration] Calibration & Reconstruction: Deep Integrated Language for Referring Image Segmentation
[DIT-SAM] Deep Instruction Tuning for Segment Anything Model
[ASDA] Adaptive Selection based Referring Image Segmentation
[DANet] Rethinking the Implicit Optimization Paradigm with Dual Alignments for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
[PTQ4RIS] PTQ4RIS: Post-Training Quantization for Referring Image Segmentation
[CLIPU2Net] Robot Manipulation in Salient Vision through Referring Image Segmentation and Geometric Constraints
[ETRG] A Parameter-Efficient Tuning Framework for Language-guided Object Grounding and Robot Grasping		Homepage
[CLIPUNetr] CLIPUNetr: Assisting Human-robot Interface for Uncalibrated Visual Servoing Control with CLIP-driven Referring Expression Segmentation
[OPT-RSVG] Language-Guided Progressive Attention for Visual Grounding in Remote Sensing Images
[LQVG] Language Query-Based Transformer With Multiscale Cross-Modal Alignment for Visual Grounding on Remote Sensing Images
[RRSIS] RRSIS: Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
[FAN] Fully Aligned Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[CrossVLT] Cross-aware Early Fusion with Stage-divided Vision and Language Transformer Encoders for Referring Image Segmentation
[SkyScapes] Referring Image Segmentation for Remote Sensing Data
[PVD] Parallel Vertex Diffusion for Unified Visual Grounding
[LLM-Seg] LLM-Seg: Bridging Image Segmentation and Large Language Model Reasoning
[RIS-CQ] Towards Complex-query Referring Image Segmentation: A Novel Benchmark
[RISCLIP] Extending CLIP's Image-Text Alignment to Referring Image Segmentation
[LISA++] LISA++: An Improved Baseline for Reasoning Segmentation with Large Language Model
[ViLaM] Enhancing Visual Grounding and Generalization: A Multi-Task Cycle Training Approach for Vision-Language Models
[BTMAE] Synchronizing Vision and Language: Bidirectional Token-Masking AutoEncoder for Referring Image Segmentation
[MARIS] MARIS: Referring Image Segmentation via Mutual-Aware Attention Features
[Ref-Diff] Ref-Diff: Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Generative Models
[MMNet] MMNet: Multi-Mask Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[LGFormer] Linguistic Query-Guided Mask Generation for Referring Image Segmentation
[rewatbowornwong2023zero] Zero-guidance Segmentation Using Zero Segment Labels
[VPD] Unleashing Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Visual Perception
[ETRIS] Bridging Vision and Language Encoders: Parameter-Efficient Tuning for Referring Image Segmentation
[SaG] Shatter and Gather: Learning Referring Image Segmentation with Text Supervision
[weakly-ris] Weakly Supervised Referring Image Segmentation with Intra-Chunk and Inter-Chunk Consistency
[TRIS] Referring Image Segmentation Using Text Supervision
[Partial-RES] Learning To Segment Every Referring Object Point by Point
[MCRES] Meta Compositional Referring Expression Segmentation
[CGFormer] Contrastive Grouping with Transformer for Referring Image Segmentation
[MagNet] Mask Grounding for Referring Image Segmentation		Homepage
[VG-LAW] Language Adaptive Weight Generation for Multi-task Visual Grounding
[Peekaboo] Peekaboo: Text to Image Diffusion Models are Zero-Shot Segmentors
[GLEE] General Object Foundation Model for Images and Videos at Scale
[UNINEXT] Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrieval
[X-Decoder] Generalized Decoding for Pixel, Image, and Language
[PolyFormer] PolyFormer: Referring Image Segmentation as Sequential Polygon Generation
[LISA] LISA: Reasoning Segmentation via Large Language Model
[Global-Local CLIP] Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation with Global-Local Context Features
[SEEM] Segment Everything Everywhere All at Once
[BKINet] Bilateral Knowledge Interaction Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[CM-MaskSD] CM-MaskSD: Cross-Modality Masked Self-Distillation for Referring Image Segmentation
[CARIS] CARIS: Context-Aware Referring Image Segmentation
[CVMN] Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Referring Semantic Segmentation
[DIOR & MGVLF] RSVG: Exploring Data and Models for Visual Grounding on Remote Sensing Data
[WiCo] WiCo: Win-win Cooperation of Bottom-up and Top-down Referring Image Segmentation
[SLViT] SLViT: Scale-Wise Language-Guided Vision Transformer for Referring Image Segmentation
[JMCELN] Referring Image Segmentation via Joint Mask Contextual Embedding Learning and Progressive Alignment Network
[TAS] Text Augmented Spatial-aware Zero-shot Referring Image Segmentation
[SADLR] Semantics-Aware Dynamic Localization and Refinement for Referring Image Segmentation
[MDSM] Multimodal Diffusion Segmentation Model for Object Segmentation from Manipulation Instructions
[M3Att] Multi-Modal Mutual Attention and Iterative Interaction for Referring Image Segmentation
[GraspNet-RIS] Towards Generalizable Referring Image Segmentation via Target Prompt and Visual Coherence
[Omni-RES] Towards Omni-supervised Referring Expression Segmentation
[PCAN] Position-Aware Contrastive Alignment for Referring Image Segmentation
[TSEG] Weakly-supervised segmentation of referring expressions
[SHNet] Comprehensive Multi-Modal Interactions for Referring Image Segmentation
[GroupViT] GroupViT: Semantic Segmentation Emerges from Text Supervision
[CRIS] CRIS: CLIP-Driven Referring Image Segmentation
[ReSTR] ReSTR: Convolution-free Referring Image Segmentation Using Transformers
[LAVT] LAVT: Language-Aware Vision Transformer for Referring Image Segmentation
[CLIPSeg] Image Segmentation Using Text and Image Prompts
[CoupAlign] CoupAlign: Coupling Word-Pixel with Sentence-Mask Alignments for Referring Image Segmentation
[SeqTR] SeqTR: A Simple yet Universal Network for Visual Grounding
[kesen2022modulating] Modulating Bottom-Up and Top-Down Visual Processing via Language-Conditional Filters
[GeoVG] Visual Grounding in Remote Sensing Images		Homepage
[feng2022learning] Learning From Box Annotations for Referring Image Segmentation
[ISF] Instance-Specific Feature Propagation for Referring Segmentation
[PKS] Fully and Weakly Supervised Referring Expression Segmentation with End-to-End Learning
[MaIL] MaIL: A Unified Mask-Image-Language Trimodal Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[BUSNet] Bottom-Up Shift and Reasoning for Referring Image Segmentation
[LTS] Locate then Segment: A Strong Pipeline for Referring Image Segmentation
[EFN] Encoder Fusion Network with Co-Attention Embedding for Referring Image Segmentation
[Referring Transformer] Referring Transformer: A One-step Approach to Multi-task Visual Grounding
[GbS] Detector-Free Weakly Supervised Grounding by Separation
[MDETR] MDETR -- Modulated Detection for End-to-End Multi-Modal Understanding
[VLT] Vision-Language Transformer and Query Generation for Referring Segmentation
[CMPC] Cross-Modal Progressive Comprehension for Referring Segmentation
[TV-Net] Two-stage Visual Cues Enhancement Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[CMPC] Referring Image Segmentation via Cross-Modal Progressive Comprehension
[BRINet] Bi-directional Relationship Inferring Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[MCN] Multi-Task Collaborative Network for Joint Referring Expression Comprehension and Segmentation
[PhraseCut] PhraseCut: Language-based Image Segmentation in the Wild
[LSCM] Linguistic Structure Guided Context Modeling for Referring Image Segmentation
[ConvLSTM] Dual Convolutional LSTM Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[CGAN] Cascade Grouped Attention Network for Referring Expression Segmentation
[CMSA] Cross-Modal Self-Attention Network for Referring Image Segmentation
[CLEVR-Ref+] CLEVR-Ref+: Diagnosing Visual Reasoning with Referring Expressions
[NMTree] Learning to Assemble Neural Module Tree Networks for Visual Grounding
[STEP] See-Through-Text Grouping for Referring Image Segmentation
[Lang2Seg] Referring Expression Object Segmentation with Caption-Aware Consistency
[MAttNet] MAttNet: Modular Attention Network for Referring Expression Comprehension
[RRN] Referring Image Segmentation via Recurrent Refinement Networks/document/8578700/)
[DMN] Dynamic Multimodal Instance Segmentation Guided by Natural Language Queries
[KWA] Key-Word-Aware Network for Referring Expression Image Segmentation
[CMN] Modeling Relationships in Referential Expressions with Compositional Modular Networks
[RMI] Recurrent Multimodal Interaction for Referring Image Segmentation
[MMI & G-Ref] Generation and Comprehension of Unambiguous Object Descriptions
[LSTM-CNN] Segmentation from Natural Language Expressions
[RefCOCO&RefCOCO+&RefCOCO(g)] Modeling Context in Referring Expressions
[ReferItGame] ReferItGame: Referring to Objects in Photographs of Natural Scenes

2. Referring Video-Object Segmentation (RVOS)

Title	Source	Code / Homepage
[CroBIM-V]CroBIM-V: Memory-Quality Controlled Remote Sensing Referring Video Object Segmentation
[VideoLoom]VideoLoom: A Video Large Language Model for Joint Spatial-Temporal Understanding
[CERES]Robust Egocentric Referring Video Object Segmentation via Dual-Modal Causal Intervention
[ReVSeg]ReVSeg: Incentivizing the Reasoning Chain for Video Segmentation with Reinforcement Learning		Homepage
[ProxyFormer]Referring Video Object Segmentation with Cross-Modality Proxy Queries
[HCD]Temporal-Conditional Referring Video Object Segmentation with Noise-Free Text-to-Video Diffusion Model
[PARSE-VOS]Unleashing Hierarchical Reasoning: An LLM-Driven Framework for Training-Free Referring Video Object Segmentation
[TQF]Mitigating Query Selection Bias in Referring Video Object Segmentation
Enhancing Sa2VA for Referent Video Object Segmentation: 2nd Solution for 7th LSVOS RVOS Track
[SaSaSa2VA]The 1st Solution for 7th LSVOS RVOS Track: SaSaSa2VA
[SVAC]SVAC: Scaling Is All You Need For Referring Video Object Segmentation
[VideoSeg-R1]VideoSeg-R1:Reasoning Video Object Segmentation via Reinforcement Learning
[Sa2VA-i]Sa2VA-i: Improving Sa2VA Results with Consistent Training and Inference
[FlowRVS]Deforming Videos to Masks: Flow Matching for Referring Video Segmentation
[RFMNet]Referring Camouflaged Object Detection With Multi-Context Overlapped Windows Cross-Attention
[EventRR]EventRR: Event Referential Reasoning for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[Planner-Refiner]Planner-Refiner: Dynamic Space-Time Refinement for Vision-Language Alignment in Videos
[LTCA]LTCA: Long-range Temporal Context Attention for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[MomentSeg]MomentSeg: Moment-Centric Sampling for Enhanced Video Pixel Understanding
[MeViSv2] MeViS: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Referring Motion Expression Video Segmentation
[VoCap]VoCap: Video Object Captioning and Segmentation from Any Prompt
[PixFoundation 2.0]PixFoundation 2.0: Do Video Multi-Modal LLMs Use Motion in Visual Grounding?
[VideoMolmo]VideoMolmo: Spatio-Temporal Grounding Meets Pointing
[CS3]Segmenting Collision Sound Sources in Egocentric Videos		Homepage
[SAMA] SAMA: Towards Multi-Turn Referential Grounded Video Chat with Large Language Models
[ReSurgSAM2] ReSurgSAM2: Referring Segment Anything in Surgical Video via Credible Long-term Tracking
[Long-RVOS] Long-RVOS: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Long-term Referring Video Object Segmentation		Homepage
[VEGGIE] VEGGIE: Instructional Editing and Reasoning of Video Concepts with Grounded Generation
[FindTrack] Find First, Track Next: Decoupling Identification and Propagation in Referring Video Object Segmentation
[JiT] Online Reasoning Video Segmentation with Just-in-Time Digital Twins
[ORDiRS] Operating Room Workflow Analysis via Reasoning Segmentation over Digital Twins
[TPP] Text-Promptable Propagation for Referring Medical Image Sequence Segmentation
[Sa2VA] Sa2VA: Marrying SAM2 with LLaVA for Dense Grounded Understanding of Images and Videos
[MPG-SAM 2] MPG-SAM 2: Adapting SAM 2 with Mask Priors and Global Context for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[ReferDINO] ReferDINO: Referring Video Object Segmentation with Visual Grounding Foundations
[VRS-HQ] The Devil is in Temporal Token: High Quality Video Reasoning Segmentation
[GLUS] GLUS: Global-Local Reasoning Unified into A Single Large Language Model for Video Segmentation
[MoRA] Motion-Grounded Video Reasoning: Understanding and Perceiving Motion at Pixel Level		Homepage
[ViCaS] ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentation		Homepage
[SSA] Semantic and Sequential Alignment for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[DMVS] Decoupled Motion Expression Video Segmentation
[MTCM] Multi-Context Temporal Consistent Modeling for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[FS-RVMOS] Few-Shot Referring Video Single- and Multi-Object Segmentation Via Cross-Modal Affinity with Instance Sequence Matching
[SOLA] Referring Video Object Segmentation via Language-aligned Track Selection		Homepage
[InstructSeg] InstructSeg: Unifying Instructed Visual Segmentation with Multi-modal Large Language Models
[REM] ReferEverything: Towards Segmenting Everything We Can Speak of in Videos		Homepage
[ViLLa] ViLLa: Video Reasoning Segmentation with Large Language Model
[VLP-RVOS] Harnessing Vision-Language Pretrained Models with Temporal-Aware Adaptation for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[DsHmp] Decoupling Static and Hierarchical Motion Perception for Referring Video Segmentation
[SAMWISE] SAMWISE: Infusing wisdom in SAM2 for Text-Driven Video Segmentation
[OMG-Seg] OMG-Seg: Is One Model Good Enough for all Segmentation?		Homepage
[UniVS] UniVS: Unified and Universal Video Segmentation with Prompts as Queries
[VideoGLaMM] VideoGLaMM: A Large Multimodal Model for Pixel-Level Visual Grounding in Videos
[LoSh] LoSh: Long-Short Text Joint Prediction Network for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[VideoLISA] One Token to Seg Them All: Language Instructed Reasoning Segmentation in Videos
[SOC] SOC: Semantic-Assisted Object Cluster for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[ActionVOS] ActionVOS: Actions as Prompts for Video Object Segmentation
[VD-IT] Exploring Pre-trained Text-to-Video Diffusion Models for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[VISA] VISA: Reasoning Video Object Segmentation via Large Language Models
[GroPrompt] GroPrompt: Efficient Grounded Prompting and Adaptation for Referring Video Object Segmentation		Homepage
[AL-Ref-SAM 2] Unleashing the Temporal-Spatial Reasoning Capacity of GPT for Training-Free Audio and Language Referenced Video Object Segmentation
[MUTR] Referred by Multi-Modality: A Unified Temporal Transformer for Video Object Segmentation
[TF2] Tracking-forced Referring Video Object Segmentation
[SLVP] SLVP: Self-Supervised Language-Video Pre-Training for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[TCE-RVOS] Temporal Context Enhanced Referring Video Object Segmentation
[HTR] Temporally Consistent Referring Video Object Segmentation with Hybrid Memory
[TrackGPT] Tracking with Human-Intent Reasoning
[SimRVOS] Learning Referring Video Object Segmentation from Weak Annotation
[RefSAM] RefSAM: Efficiently Adapting Segmenting Anything Model for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[SgMg] Spectrum-guided Multi-granularity Referring Video Object Segmentation
[OnlineRefer] OnlineRefer: A Simple Online Baseline for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[HTML] HTML: Hybrid Temporal-scale Multimodal Learning Framework for Referring Video Object Segmentation		Homepage
[TempCD] Temporal Collection and Distribution for Referring Video Object Segmentation		Homepage
[MeViS] MeViS: A Large-scale Benchmark for Video Segmentation with Motion Expressions
[UniRef++] Segment Every Reference Object in Spatial and Temporal Spaces
[FS-RVOS] Learning Cross-Modal Affinity for Referring Video Object Segmentation Targeting Limited Samples
[DMFormer] Decoupling Multimodal Transformers for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[UniMM] Unified Multi-Modality Video Object Segmentation Using Reinforcement Learning
[EPCFormer] EPCFormer: Expression Prompt Collaboration Transformer for Universal Referring Video Object Segmentation
[STBridge] Towards Noise-Tolerant Speech-Referring Video Object Segmentation: Bridging Speech and Text
[Locater] Local-Global Context Aware Transformer for Language-Guided Video Segmentation
[LASTC] Language-Aware Spatial-Temporal Collaboration for Referring Video Segmentation
[CLUE] CLUE: Contrastive language-guided learning for referring video object segmentation
[BIFIT] Bidirectional Correlation-Driven Inter-Frame Interaction Transformer for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[FTEA] Fully Transformer-Equipped Architecture for end-to-end Referring Video Object Segmentation
[MTTR] End-to-End Referring Video Object Segmentation with Multimodal Transformers
[ReferFormer] Language as Queries for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[LBDT] Language-Bridged Spatial-Temporal Interaction for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[MLRL] Multi-Level Representation Learning with Semantic Alignment for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[zhao2022modeling] Modeling Motion with Multi-Modal Features for Text-Based Video Segmentation
[RefVOS] A closer look at referring expressions for video object segmentation
[OATNet] Object-Agnostic Transformers for Video Referring Segmentation
[EFCMA] Referring Segmentation via Encoder-Fused Cross-Modal Attention Network
[MANet] Multi-Attention Network for Compressed Video Referring Object Segmentation
[YOFO] You Only Infer Once: Cross-Modal Meta-Transfer for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[CITD] Rethinking Cross-modal Interaction from a Top-down Perspective for Referring Video Object Segmentation
[ClawCraneNet] ClawCraneNet: Leveraging Object-level Relation for Text-based Video Segmentation
[hui2021collaborative] Collaborative Spatial-Temporal Modeling for Language-Queried Video Actor Segmentation
[CMSA] Referring Segmentation in Images and Videos With Cross-Modal Self-Attention Network
[CMPC] Cross-Modal Progressive Comprehension for Referring Segmentation
[mcintosh2020visual] Visual-Textual Capsule Routing for Text-Based Video Segmentation
[Refer-Youtube-VOS] URVOS: Unified Referring Video Object Segmentation Network with a Large-Scale Benchmark
[wang2020context] Context Modulated Dynamic Networks for Actor and Action Video Segmentation with Language Queries
[ACGA] Asymmetric Cross-Guided Attention Network for Actor and Action Video Segmentation From Natural Language Query
[A2D] Actor and Action Video Segmentation from a Sentence		Homepage
[Refer-DAVIS] Video Object Segmentation with Language Referring Expressions

3. Referring Audio-Visual Segmentation (RAVS)

Title	Source	Code / Homepage
[MQA-RefAVS]Audit After Segmentation: Reference-Free Mask Quality Assessment for Language-Referred Audio-Visual Segmentation
[SeaVIS]SeaVIS: Sound-Enhanced Association for Online Audio-Visual Instance Segmentation
[ATLAS]Can You Hear, Localize, and Segment Continually? An Exemplar-Free Continual Learning Benchmark for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[RA-SSU]RA-SSU: Towards Fine-Grained Audio-Visual Learning with Region-Aware Sound Source Understanding		Homepage
[SDAVS]Selective Noise Suppression and Discriminative Mutual Interaction for Robust Audio-Visual Segmentation
[WSAVSS]Look, Listen and Segment: Towards Weakly Supervised Audio-visual Semantic Segmentation
[SOUPLE]SOUPLE: Enhancing Audio-Visual Localization and Segmentation with Learnable Prompt Contexts
[MAR3]MAR3: Multi-Agent Recognition, Reasoning, and Reflection for Reference Audio-Visual Segmentation
[SSP]How Do Optical Flow and Textual Prompts Collaborate to Assist in Audio-Visual Semantic Segmentation?
[DDAVS]DDAVS: Disentangled Audio Semantics and Delayed Bidirectional Alignment for Audio-Visual Segmentation		Homepage
[AVAGFormer]Learning Visual Affordance from Audio		Homepage
Layover or Direct Flight: Rethinking Audio-Guided Image Segmentation
[FAVS]Frequency-Domain Decomposition and Recomposition for Robust Audio-Visual Segmentation
[CCFormer]Complementary and Contrastive Learning for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[SimToken]SimToken: A Simple Baseline for Referring Audio-Visual Segmentation		Homepage
[AVS Survey]From Waveforms to Pixels: A Survey on Audio-Visual Segmentation
[AURORA]AURORA: Augmented Understanding via Structured Reasoning and Reinforcement Learning for Reference Audio-Visual Segmentation
[TGS-Agent]Think Before You Segment: An Object-aware Reasoning Agent for Referring Audio-Visual Segmentation
[ICF]Implicit Counterfactual Learning for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[Mettle]Mettle: Meta-Token Learning for Memory-Efficient Audio-Visual Adaptation
[TAViS]TAViS: Text-bridged Audio-Visual Segmentation with Foundation Models
[OpenAVS] OpenAVS: Training-Free Open-Vocabulary Audio Visual Segmentation with Foundational Models
[Omni-R1] Omni-R1: Reinforcement Learning for Omnimodal Reasoning via Two-System Collaboration
[RAVS] Robust Audio-Visual Segmentation via Audio-Guided Visual Convergent Alignment
[AVSBench-Robust] Do Audio-Visual Segmentation Models Truly Segment Sounding Objects?
[AV2T-SAM] Audio Visual Segmentation Through Text Embeddings
[AVS-Mamba] AVS-Mamba: Exploring Temporal and Multi-modal Mamba for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[OmniAVS] Towards Omnimodal Expressions and Reasoning in Referring Audio-Visual Segmentation
[SAM2-LOVE] SAM2-LOVE: Segment Anything Model 2 in Language-aided Audio-Visual Scenes
[DDESeg] Dynamic Derivation and Elimination: Audio Visual Segmentation with Enhanced Audio Semantics
[VCT] Revisiting Audio-Visual Segmentation with Vision-Centric Transformer
[TSAM] TSAM: Temporal SAM Augmented with Multimodal Prompts for Referring Audio-Visual Segmentation		Homepage
[Dolphin] Aligned Better, Listen Better for Audio-Visual Large Language Models
[Co-Prop] Collaborative Hybrid Propagator for Temporal Misalignment in Audio-Visual Segmentation
[3D AVS] 3D Audio-Visual Segmentation
[AVIS] Audio-Visual Instance Segmentation
[AVESFormer] AVESFormer: Efficient Transformer Design for Real-Time Audio-Visual Segmentation
[SAVE] SAVE: Segment Audio-Visual Easy way using Segment Anything Model
[PMCANet] Progressive Confident Masking Attention Network for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[MED-VT++] MED-VT++: Unifying Multimodal Learning with a Multiscale Encoder-Decoder Video Transformer
[MoCA] Unsupervised Audio-Visual Segmentation with Modality Alignment
[AVSAC] Bootstrapping Audio-Visual Segmentation by Strengthening Audio Cues
[VPO & CAVP] Unraveling Instance Associations: A Closer Look for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[QDFormer] QDFormer: Towards Robust Audiovisual Segmentation in Complex Environments with Quantization-based Semantic Decomposition
[LU-AVS] Benchmarking Audio Visual Segmentation for Long-Untrimmed Videos		Homepage
[COMBO] Cooperation Does Matter: Exploring Multi-Order Bilateral Relations for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[TeSO] Can Textual Semantics Mitigate Sounding Object Segmentation Preference?
[Stepping Stones] Stepping Stones: A Progressive Training Strategy for Audio-Visual Semantic Segmentation
[CPM] CPM: Class-conditional Prompting Machine for Audio-visual Segmentation
[Ref-AVS] Ref-AVS: Refer and Segment Objects in Audio-Visual Scenes
[TransAVS] TransAVS: End-to-End Audio-Visual Segmentation with Transformer
[sun2024unveiling] Unveiling and Mitigating Bias in Audio Visual Segmentation		Homepage
[SelM] SelM: Selective Mechanism based Audio-Visual Segmentation
[OV-AVSS] Open-Vocabulary Audio-Visual Semantic Segmentation
[C3N] Cross-modal Cognitive Consensus guided Audio-Visual Segmentation
[BAVS] BAVS: Bootstrapping Audio-Visual Segmentation by Integrating Foundation Knowledge
[PIF] Each Performs Its Functions: Task Decomposition and Feature Assignment for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[ST-BAVA] Extending Segment Anything Model into Auditory and Temporal Dimensions for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[SBV] Segment beyond View: Handling Partially Missing Modality for Audio-Visual Semantic Segmentation
[AVS-bigen] Improving Audio-Visual Segmentation with Bidirectional Generation
[AVSegFormer] AVSegFormer: Audio-Visual Segmentation with Transformer
[GAVS] Prompting Segmentation with Sound Is Generalizable Audio-Visual Source Localizer
[UFE] Audio-Visual Segmentation via Unlabeled Frame Exploitation
[AVSBench-semantic] Audio-Visual Segmentation with Semantics
[CMSF] Leveraging Foundation models for Unsupervised Audio-Visual Segmentation
[AuTR] Audio-aware Query-enhanced Transformer for Audio-Visual Segmentation
[DiffusionAVS] Contrastive Conditional Latent Diffusion for Audio-visual Segmentation
[AV-SAM] AV-SAM: Segment Anything Model Meets Audio-Visual Localization and Segmentation
[LAVISH] Vision Transformers are Parameter-Efficient Audio-Visual Learners
[DeepAVFusion] Unveiling the Power of Audio-Visual Early Fusion Transformers with Dense Interactions through Masked Modeling
[WS-AVS] Weakly-Supervised Audio-Visual Segmentation
[AVS-Bench] Audio-Visual Segmentation
[ECMVAE] Multimodal Variational Auto-encoder based Audio-Visual Segmentation
[AVSC] Audio-Visual Segmentation by Exploring Cross-Modal Mutual Semantics
[CATR] CATR: Combinatorial-Dependence Audio-Queried Transformer for Audio-Visual Video Segmentation		Homepage
[SAMA-AVS] Annotation-free Audio-Visual Segmentation
[AQFormer] Discovering Sounding Objects by Audio Queries for Audio Visual Segmentation

4. 3D-Referring Expression Segmentation (3D-RES)

Title	Source	Code / Homepage
[OpenVoxel]OpenVoxel: Training-Free Grouping and Captioning Voxels for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding
[MVGGT]MVGGT: Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer for Multiview 3D Referring Expression Segmentation		Homepage
[NDTokenizer3D]Scenes as Tokens: Multi-Scale Normal Distributions Transform Tokenizer for General 3D Vision-Language Understanding
[PLM]Point Linguist Model: Segment Any Object via Bridged Large 3D-Language Model
[CaRF]CaRF: Enhancing Multi-View Consistency in Referring 3D Gaussian Splatting Segmentation
[OV-BIS]OV-BIS: Open-Vocabulary Boundary Guide Zero-Shot 3D Instance Segmentation
[MORE3D] Multimodal 3D Reasoning Segmentation with Complex Scenes
[3DResT] 3DResT: A Strong Baseline for Semi-Supervised 3D Referring Expression Segmentation
[MLLM-For3D] MLLM-For3D: Adapting Multimodal Large Language Model for 3D Reasoning Segmentation
[3D-LLaVA] 3D-LLaVA: Towards Generalist 3D LMMs with Omni Superpoint Transformer
[MEN] Weakly-Supervised 3D Referring Expression Segmentation
[ReferSplat] ReferSplat: Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splatting
[IPDN] IPDN: Image-enhanced Prompt Decoding Network for 3D Referring Expression Segmentation
[Reason3D] Reason3D: Searching and Reasoning 3D Segmentation via Large Language Model
[RG-SAN] RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentation
[LESS] LESS: Label-Efficient and Single-Stage Referring 3D Segmentation
[ConcreteNet] Four Ways to Improve Verbo-visual Fusion for Dense 3D Visual Grounding		Homepage
[Reasoning3D] Reasoning3D -- Grounding and Reasoning in 3D: Fine-Grained Zero-Shot Open-Vocabulary 3D Reasoning Part Segmentation via Large Vision-Language Models		Homepage
[UniSeg3D] A Unified Framework for 3D Scene Understanding
[MCLN] Multi-branch Collaborative Learning Network for 3D Visual Grounding
[SegPoint] SegPoint: Segment Any Point Cloud via Large Language Model		Homepage
[X-RefSeg3D] X-RefSeg3D: Enhancing Referring 3D Instance Segmentation via Structured Cross-Modal Graph Neural Networks
[RefMask3D] RefMask3D: Language-Guided Transformer for 3D Referring Segmentation
[MDIN & 3D-GRES] 3D-GRES: Generalized 3D Referring Expression Segmentation
[Uni3DL] Uni3DL: Unified Model for 3D and Language Understanding		Homepage
[3DRefTR] A Unified Framework for 3D Point Cloud Visual Grounding
[3D-STMN] 3D-STMN: Dependency-Driven Superpoint-Text Matching Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentation
[TGNN] Text-Guided Graph Neural Networks for Referring 3D Instance Segmentation

5. Generalized Referring Expression x (GREx)

Title	Source	Code / Homepage
[LIHE]LIHE: Linguistic Instance-Split Hyperbolic-Euclidean Framework for Generalized Weakly-Supervised Referring Expression Comprehension		Code
Making Dialogue Grounding Data Rich: A Three-Tier Data Synthesis Framework for Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension
[GREx]Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation, Comprehension, and Generation		Homepage
[RSRefSeg]Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation on Aerial Photos		Homepage
[InstanceVG]Improving Generalized Visual Grounding with Instance-aware Joint Learning
[HieA2G] Hierarchical Alignment-enhanced Adaptive Grounding Network for Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension
[nguyen2024instance] Instance-Aware Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation		Homepage
[SimVG] SimVG: A Simple Framework for Visual Grounding with Decoupled Multi-modal Fusion
[CoHD] CoHD: A Counting-Aware Hierarchical Decoding Framework for Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation
[HDC] HDC: Hierarchical Semantic Decoding with Counting Assistance for Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation
[LaSagnA] LaSagnA: Language-based Segmentation Assistant for Complex Queries
[GSVA] GSVA: Generalized Segmentation via Multimodal Large Language Models
[LQMFormer] LQMFormer: Language-aware Query Mask Transformer for Referring Image Segmentation
[D-LISA] Multi-Object 3D Grounding with Dynamic Modules and Language-Informed Spatial Attention
[MDIN & 3D-GRES] 3D-GRES: Generalized 3D Referring Expression Segmentation
[GNL3D] Advancing 3D Object Grounding Beyond a Single 3D Scene
[MABP] Bring Adaptive Binding Prototypes to Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation
[R-RIS] Towards Robust Referring Image Segmentation
[GREC] GREC: Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension
[GRES& ReLA] GRES: Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation
[Group-RES] Advancing Referring Expression Segmentation Beyond Single Image
[DMMI] Beyond One-to-One: Rethinking the Referring Image Segmentation
[SgMg] Spectrum-guided Multi-granularity Referring Video Object Segmentation
[R2VOS] Robust Referring Video Object Segmentation with Cyclic Structural Consensus
[Multi3DRefer] Multi3DRefer: Grounding Text Description to Multiple 3D Objects		Homepage
[3DOGSFormer] Dense Object Grounding in 3D Scenes

6. Application

Title	Source	Code / Homepage
[CAD-GD] Exploring Contextual Attribute Density in Referring Expression Counting
[EDGS] Grasp What You Want: Embodied Dexterous Grasping System Driven by Your Voice
[HiFi-CS] HiFi-CS: Towards Open Vocabulary Visual Grounding For Robotic Grasping Using Vision-Language Models
[ETRG] A Parameter-Efficient Tuning Framework for Language-guided Object Grounding and Robot Grasping		Homepage
[Invigorate] INVIGORATE: Interactive Visual Grounding and Grasping in Clutter
[Grasp-Anything++] Language-driven Grasp Detection
[Referring Image Editing] Referring Image Editing: Object-Level Image Editing via Referring Expressions
[REC] Referring Expression Counting
[CountGD] CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Counting		Homepage
[Reasoning Grasping] Reasoning Grasping via Multimodal Large Language Model		Homepage
[CROG] Language-guided Robot Grasping: CLIP-based Referring Grasp Synthesis in Clutter
[LAN-grasp] LAN-grasp: Using Large Language Models for Semantic Object Grasping
[FLarG] Language Guided Robotic Grasping with Fine-Grained Instructions
[VL-Grasp] VL-Grasp: a 6-Dof Interactive Grasp Policy for Language-Oriented Objects in Cluttered Indoor Scenes
[GraspCLIP] Task-Oriented Grasp Prediction with Visual-Language Inputs
[xu2023joint] A Joint Modeling of Vision-Language-Action for Target-oriented Grasping in Clutter
[INGRESS] Interactive Visual Grounding of Referring Expressions for Human-Robot Interaction
[rao2018learning] Learning Robotic Grasping Strategy Based on Natural-Language Object Descriptions
[shridhar2017grounding] Grounding Spatio-Semantic Referring Expressions for Human-Robot Interaction

❤️ Citation

We would be honored if this work could assist you, and greatly appreciate it if you could consider starring and citing it:

@article{ReferringSurvey,
  title={Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Survey},
  author={Ding, Henghui and Tang, Song and He, Shuting and Liu, Chang and Wu, Zuxuan and Jiang, Yu-Gang},
  journal={International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV)},
  year={2026}
}

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