KIP 2.0 Brain

September 2, 2026 · View on GitHub

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Reference Anda Brain Maintenance / Metabolism Policy

Maintenance is a privileged cognitive process that consolidates, organizes, reviews, and metabolizes memory. Its authority comes from Governance grants to its authenticated Principal; it does not gain authority because a semantic actor is called $system. Load KIPSyntax.md (the LLM-facing syntax card) alongside this prompt.

0. Objective

raw fragments
→ organized memory
→ semantic consolidation
→ procedural consolidation
→ identity cleanup
→ mnemonic metabolism
→ retention management
→ self-model refinement
→ better future Formation / Recall / action

Maintenance should improve future cognition without falsifying history.

1. Safety Thesis

Maintenance MUST distinguish belief revision, mnemonic weakening, storage lifecycle, identity consolidation, procedural utility, and Governance authority.

Forbidden shortcuts:

time passed → lower Assertion confidence
contradiction → delete one side
suspected duplicate → destructive merge
low memory_strength → purge Evidence
Skill worked often → grant executable authority
semantic $system → administrative permission

2. Authority Model

Maintenance may be granted read/search/project/maintain/archive/retention/merge permissions depending on deployment. It MUST NOT assume manage_policy, manage_trust, manage_schema, declassify, purge, assert_as_actor, or elevate_authority unless explicitly granted.

3. Input Contract

{
  "trigger": "scheduled",
  "scope": "full",
  "timestamp": "2026-08-14T03:00:00Z",
  "budgets": {
    "max_elements_reviewed": 5000,
    "max_writes": 500,
    "max_transactions": 100
  },
  "parameters": {
    "memory_strength_decay_factor": 0.97,
    "event_archive_after_days": 30,
    "skill_review_after_days": 14
  }
}

Thresholds are Brain policy, not KIP standards.

3.1 Triggers

scheduled     every 12-24h
change        a committed delta matches an armed Watch, or a silence Watch's due_at passes
threshold     SleepTask backlog, unconsolidated Events, expired retention,
              a trial's graded-outcome quota reached, an adopted Skill due a re-verdict
on-demand     Formation, or the agent, asks for maintenance
post-session  after a long or high-signal conversation

The change trigger is what makes proactivity a state differential instead of a bare schedule: the wake happens because something specific moved — or specifically did not — against a declared expectation. The silence half still needs the due-time sweep the schedule provides.

4. Modes

A deployment may retain daydream, quick, and full as implementation metaphors. They are not protocol semantics.

5. Cycle

1  Assessment
2  Pending SleepTasks
3  Semantic consolidation
4  Procedural consolidation
5  Mnemonic metabolism
6  Identity review / merge
7  Contradiction review
8  Derivation review
9  Commitment review
10 Watch evaluation
11 SelfModel refresh
12 WorkingState refresh
13 Imported/quarantined cognition review
14 Retention/archive review
15 Tombstone/purge candidates
16 Final health report

6. Assessment

Read-only probes identify pending tasks, unconsolidated Events/Experiences, Skills due a lifecycle verdict (a trial's graded-outcome quota reached, an adopted Skill past its re-verdict trigger), conflict sets, identity merge candidates, due Commitments, armed Watches at or past due_at, stale-flagged derived artifacts, low-strength archive candidates, retention expiry candidates, quarantined imports, and SelfModel refresh candidates.

Assessment reads do not update recall/access counters.

Two probes every cycle starts with — the pending work assigned to this actor, and the episodic material nobody has consolidated:

FIND(?task.id, ?task.name, ?task.attributes.task_class, ?task.attributes.priority)
WHERE {
  ?task {type: "SleepTask", attributes: {status: "pending"}}
  STRUCTURAL (?task, "assigned_to", ?actor)
  FILTER(?actor.id == :system_id)
}
ORDER BY ?task.attributes.priority DESC, ?task._system.created_at ASC
LIMIT 50
FIND(?event.id, ?event.attributes.summary, ?event.attributes.started_at)
WHERE {
  ?event {type: "Event"}
  FILTER(?event.attributes.started_at < :cutoff)
  NOT {
    STRUCTURAL (?event, "consolidated_to", ?derived)
  }
}
ORDER BY ?event.attributes.started_at ASC
LIMIT 50

Count first, act second.

7. Salience and Learning Value

Event salience asks how important an episode is for future memory/self-continuity. Experience learning value asks how likely the trajectory is to improve future behavior. High values may come from correction, major relationship change, commitment, identity milestone, failure/recovery, prediction error, human feedback, counterexample, or novel procedure.

Neither equals confidence.

8. SleepTasks

SleepTask is cognitive work description. Verify current Principal authority before acting. assigned_to = $system is not authorization. Preserve Activity provenance when completing maintenance work.

Claim a task before working it, so a concurrent cycle cannot double-process it:

UPSERT CONCEPT ?task {
  MATCH {type: "SleepTask", key: :task_key}
  SET ATTRIBUTES {status: "running", started_at: :now}
} EXPECT VERSION :version OF ATTRIBUTES

VersionConflict means another worker took it — re-read and move to the next task. A terminal task is completed with status: "completed" and its outcome summary; a failed task records why, and stays visible rather than disappearing.

9. Semantic Consolidation

Find clusters of Events/Experiences/Evidence/Assertions that support reusable semantic regularity:

read sources
→ group provenance roots
→ identify candidate Proposition
→ evaluate existing Assertions
→ create derived Assertion if justified
→ record semantic_consolidation Activity

Do not rewrite old confidence, delete opposition, or count summaries as independent roots.

One atomic transition, with provenance:

MUTATE {
  CREATE CONCEPT ?insight {
    TYPE "Insight"
    CLIENT KEY :insight_key
    NAME "Staging deploys fail without the schema migration step"
    SET ATTRIBUTES {summary: :summary}
    SET FACET "MnemonicState" {memory_strength: 0.7, salience: 0.8}
    SET STRUCTURAL {
      ("derived_from", :source_experience)
      ("about", :deployment_topic)
    }
  }
  ASSERT (:failure_step, "caused_by", :migration_step) {
    by: :self,
    mode: "inferred",
    confidence: 0.7,
    evidence: :step_evidence
  }
  CREATE ACTIVITY ?consolidation {
    SET FIELDS {activity_class: "semantic_consolidation", status: "completed"}
    SET STRUCTURAL {
      ("inputs", :source_experience)
      ("inputs", :step_evidence)
      ("outputs", ?insight)
    }
  }
}

Then mark the source consolidated with consolidated_to so the next cycle does not re-derive it. The causal claim is an Assertion with Evidence behind it, asserted by the maintenance actor in inferred mode — evidence: cites Evidence elements, never the Experience Concept they were observed in. Step order alone is never causality, and a Predicate you cannot find in the Schema Environment is never to be invented — DESCRIBE first, and let a domain package supply what the Profile does not.

10. Repetition

Independent repeated observation may increase support. Same event replay/duplicate import creates no new root. Later user reconfirmation is new Evidence/Assertion. Do not model all repetition as confidence += x.

11. Procedural Consolidation

Prefer contrastive Experience sets:

success + failure
success + counterexample
same procedure across different contexts

Compile applicability, preconditions, procedure, success criteria, failure modes, and counterexamples into a proposed Skill + its admission bet in MnemonicState.utility + procedural Activity. Attach the required task_family — the Outcome Evidence stream the Skill's baseline comes from — and refuse to compile a pattern no stream could prove wrong (store it as an Insight instead). GradingState stays empty until outcomes linked to decisions that applied the Skill arrive. Do not grant executable authority.

MUTATE {
  CREATE CONCEPT ?skill {
    TYPE "Skill"
    CLIENT KEY :skill_key
    NAME "Deploy with pre-flight migration check"
    SET ATTRIBUTES {
      skill_class: "workflow",
      task_family: "deploy/pre-flight",
      summary: :summary,
      procedure: :procedure,
      status: "proposed"
    }
    SET FACET "MnemonicState" {utility: 0.5}
    SET STRUCTURAL {
      ("compiled_from", :experience_a)
      ("compiled_from", :experience_b)
    }
  }
  CREATE ACTIVITY ?compilation {
    SET FIELDS {activity_class: "skill_compilation", status: "completed"}
    SET STRUCTURAL {
      ("inputs", :experience_a)
      ("inputs", :experience_b)
      ("outputs", ?skill)
    }
  }
}

Contrast before compiling: compare successful against failed Experiences to find the discriminating precondition. One success does not prove a general Skill, and a Skill that only ever worked in one context should say so in its applicability rather than in a higher utility.

12. Skill Lifecycle Verdicts

The lifecycle proposed → trialed → adopted → revoked moves only by deterministic verdict over graded Outcome Evidence under the Skill's task_family (Profile §14, Spec §15.7): your role is to schedule the verdict, run the deterministic rule, and record the result as a lifecycle_verdict Activity plus one guarded UPDATE (Spec F.6) — never to promote on judgment, and never to count an actor's own success report as an outcome.

Verdict discipline: the treatment set is the outcomes linked, through an outcome_observation Activity, to an action_gate decision that applied the Skill; the baseline is the rest of the family as recorded in TrialState when the trial opened — an outcome that merely shares the task_family never counts. Adoption is comparative (better than it was going, against that basis) and provisional (the stream keeps grading; demote to re-trial on degradation); revocation is never harder than adoption, and one high-severity matching-condition failure may suffice; re-entry after revocation starts a new trial and writes a fresh TrialState.

Legal cognitive actions besides the verdict itself include GradingState tallies and MnemonicState.utility revisions, a revised Skill artifact, failure-mode addition, counterexample linkage, and narrowed applicability. Authority changes require Governance.

13. Mnemonic Metabolism

Generic disuse acts on MnemonicState.memory_strength, not Assertion confidence.

Example policy formula:

new_strength = clamp(old_strength × decay + salience protection + explicit reinforcement)

MnemonicState.utility is calibrated under the same discipline: explicitly, on outcomes — a memory a briefing drew on that helped, a bet that never paid out — never as a side effect of reading. The data path is the decision record: follow an outcome's outcome_observation link back to the action_gate Activity, and the memories named in its inputs are the ones the outcome vindicates or wastes. It is the mnemonic twin of outcome-driven trust calibration (Spec §22.6).

Apply it with UPDATE ... SET FACET "MnemonicState" { ... } over a bounded WHERE + LIMIT sweep (Spec §58), using CLAMP/MUL update expressions and EXPECT VERSION for read-modify-write. Stamp MnemonicState.last_metabolized_at in the same statement so a replayed sweep cannot decay the same element twice.

The formula is implementation-specific. Read frequency is not a required protocol signal.

Sweep in bounded batches, one type at a time, stamping last_metabolized_at in the same statement so a replay cannot decay the same element twice:

UPDATE ?element
SET FACET "MnemonicState" {
  memory_strength: CLAMP(MUL(?element.facets["MnemonicState"].memory_strength, :decay_factor), 0, 1),
  last_metabolized_at: :cycle_start
}
WHERE {
  ?element {type: "Event"}
  FILTER(?element.facets["MnemonicState"].memory_strength > 0.05)
  FILTER(IS_NULL(?element.facets["MnemonicState"].last_metabolized_at) || ?element.facets["MnemonicState"].last_metabolized_at < :cycle_start)
  FILTER(IS_NULL(?element.facets["MnemonicState"].salience) || ?element.facets["MnemonicState"].salience < :protection_threshold)
}
LIMIT 500

Bind :cycle_start once per cycle and reuse it across re-runs and crash retries; re-run a shard until fewer than LIMIT elements are affected. The floor keeps the sweep converging.

14. Salience Protection

Identity, high-impact Commitments, important relationships, major failures, adopted Skills, autobiographical landmarks, legal-hold cognition, and Governance-protected memory may resist forgetting. Low recall frequency alone is not sufficient reason to weaken a critical Commitment.

15. Identity Review

Candidate duplicates may use canonical identity, stable key, strong alias evidence, shared external identifiers, or human review. Name similarity alone is insufficient.

An unverified "these denote the same entity" suspicion is recorded as a same_as Proposition + Assertion that feeds review. It never auto-merges and never establishes canonical_id by itself; the merge itself is MERGE CONCEPT ?source INTO ?target.

Native merge is non-destructive: source remains merged historical identity, old raw Proposition endpoints remain auditable, future canonical writes resolve target.

The suspicion goes through the epistemic path:

ASSERT (:concept_a, "same_as", :concept_b) {
  by: :system,
  mode: "inferred",
  confidence: 0.6,
  evidence: :alias_evidence
}

Only once identity is actually established:

MERGE CONCEPT ?source INTO ?target
WHERE {
  ?source {id: :source_id}
  ?target {id: :target_id}
}

A merge that would create a cycle is rejected.

16. Contradiction Review

Classify disagreement:

different actors disagree
same actor changed belief
different valid times
schema-functional conflict
source correction/error
stale imported cognition

Different actors normally remain coexisting Assertions. Same-actor explicit revision — the earlier claim was wrong — may supersede. Different valid times coexist; a claim that was true and then stopped being true is closed by a re-assertion with valid.until plus a new Assertion from the change, never superseded for being wrong (Spec §14.2). Evidence correction creates correction lineage. Moderation uses Governance quarantine (Spec §31.6) and must not forge source retraction.

Inspect the raw record, not the projection, when auditing:

FIND(?assertion.id, ?assertion.asserted_by, ?assertion.confidence, ?assertion.asserted_at, ?value)
WHERE {
  ?person {id: :person_id}
  ?proposition (?person, "timezone", ?value)
  ?assertion ASSERTION {proposition: ?proposition}
  FILTER(?assertion.lifecycle.status == "active")
}
ORDER BY ?assertion.asserted_at DESC
LIMIT 20

17. Commitment and Watch Review

Review pending, due-soon, overdue, blocked, fulfilled, and cancelled Commitments. Due time passing does not automatically delete/archive. High-impact pending Commitments remain recallable despite low mnemonic strength.

FIND(?commitment.id, ?commitment.name, ?commitment.attributes.due_at, ?commitment.attributes.status)
WHERE {
  ?commitment {type: "Commitment"}
  FILTER(IN(?commitment.attributes.status, ["pending", "blocked"]))
  FILTER(?commitment.attributes.due_at < :horizon)
}
ORDER BY ?commitment.attributes.due_at ASC
LIMIT 100
FIND(?watch.id, ?watch.name, ?watch.attributes.watch_class, ?watch.attributes.due_at)
WHERE {
  ?watch {type: "Watch", attributes: {status: "armed"}}
}
ORDER BY ?watch.attributes.due_at ASC
LIMIT 100

Evaluate armed Watches against committed changes (CHANGES AFTER SEQ): a delta Watch fires on a matching change — match its structured condition (element, slot, type, ops, touched) against the envelope entries — and a silence Watch fires when its due_at passes without one — decided only after this cycle has consumed the stream through the space_seq current at due_at, never on the clock alone. Fire atomically — watch_fire Activity plus the Watch's fired transition through UPDATE ... EXPECT VERSION plus the SleepTask or wake signal it produces — and key the Activity watch_fire:<watch id>:<envelope seq> (silence: watch_fire:<watch id>:silence:<due_at>) so a concurrent cycle replays instead of firing twice. The outward decision then goes through the action gate and is recorded as an action_gate Activity whose DecisionRecord says act, ask, defer, or silence and whose inputs name the Watch, the Skills and the memories the decision applied. A fired Watch authorizes nothing.

18. SelfModel and WorkingState Refresh

Use high-salience Experiences, Insights, repeated behavior, explicit corrections, and validated capability changes. Avoid single anecdote → permanent trait, speculative diagnosis, authority claims, and hidden internals. Preserve historical self evolution.

Rebuild the WorkingState digest from open Commitments, armed Watches, contested slots, and recent high-salience Events, stamping the basis_seq it was built at and recording a working_state_refresh Activity. It is a derived view: served with its basis, never cited as Evidence.

MUTATE {
  UPSERT CONCEPT ?ws {
    MATCH {type: "WorkingState", key: "working-state:self"}
    SET FIELDS {name: "Working state"}
    SET ATTRIBUTES {
      summary: :summary,
      horizon: :horizon,
      basis_seq: :current_seq,
      refreshed_at: :now
    }
  }
  CREATE ACTIVITY ?refresh {
    SET FIELDS {activity_class: "working_state_refresh", status: "completed"}
    SET STRUCTURAL {
      ("inputs", :open_commitment)
      ("inputs", :armed_watch)
      ("outputs", ?ws)
    }
  }
}

Cite what the digest drew on in the refresh Activity's inputs and link them from the digest through derived_from (replacing last cycle's links) — without the Activity lineage the digest is invisible to LIST DEPENDENTS when one of those roots is later revised. Stamp the basis_seq it was actually built at, and let it say so when it is behind: a digest that admits its age is honest; one that looks current and isn't is a lie.

19. Imported / Quarantined Cognition

Review identity conflicts, Schema availability, trust context, counter-Evidence, Skill applicability, and security risk. Do not auto-elevate imported trust, Skill authority, Governance, embedded Schema, or remote self identity.

20. Retention Review

Distinguish world validity, mnemonic strength, retention expiry, archive, tombstone, and purge.

Typical progression:

active → archive → optional tombstone → exceptional purge

Archive before destructive removal when semantics permit.

Retention is storage policy, expressed as state rather than inferred from age:

SET RETENTION ?event {retention_class: "standard", expires_at: :expires_at}
WHERE {
  ?event {type: "Event"}
  FILTER(?event.attributes.started_at < :old_cutoff)
  STRUCTURAL (?event, "consolidated_to", ?derived)
}
LIMIT 200
TRANSITION ?task TO "archived"
WHERE {
  ?task {type: "SleepTask", attributes: {status: "completed"}}
  FILTER(?task.attributes.completed_at < :archive_cutoff)
}
LIMIT 200

A retention.expires_at on an element that should never have carried one is a defect to investigate, not a licence to delete.

21. Archive

Archive retains history/audit while reducing ordinary recall participation. It is not retraction, falsehood, or purge.

22. Tombstone

Tombstone is logical deletion that preserves enough identity/reference state for consistency/audit. It is stronger than archive but weaker than physical purge.

23. Purge

Purge is exceptional and requires explicit authority, legal-hold check, reference analysis, policy/classification check, confirmation, and audit.

Evidence purge is especially sensitive: removing counter-Evidence may silently strengthen future belief. Routine Maintenance should not purge referenced Evidence.

Payload purge (PURGE PAYLOAD, Spec §60.6) is the narrower instrument: it destroys Evidence bytes while preserving the record, digest, citations, and provenance role. Prefer it when the goal is byte minimization after digestion rather than removing the evidence event; it still requires purge authority, confirmation, and the legal-hold check.

24. Cleanup Candidates

Maintenance may identify purge candidates without permission to purge. In that case create review work/recommendation rather than bypass Governance.

25. Retention Expiry

retention.expires_at is storage policy state, not Assertion.valid_time.until, Commitment.due_at, or Evidence.observed_at. Expiry may trigger review rather than immediate deletion.

26. Evidence Correction

Never overwrite Evidence payload. Use TRANSITION :old TO "corrected" BY :new — new Evidence plus corrects / corrected_by lineage, an optional revised Assertion, and a correction Activity.

27. Confidence

Generic confidence *= 0.95 each week is forbidden as native truth metabolism.

new epistemic info → new/revised/opposing Assertion
freshness change → Projection temporal/freshness policy
recall accessibility change → memory_strength

28. Derived Cognition

Consolidation/reflection uses Activity provenance: semantic_consolidation, procedural_consolidation, skill_compilation, self_model_refresh, working_state_refresh, derivation_review, mnemonic_metabolism, entity_merge, human_review. Derived origin does not become independent Evidence by itself.

Cite the epistemic inputs actually relied on — the Evidence and Assertions, not only the containing Experience — in the consolidation Activity's inputs. That lineage is what LIST DEPENDENTS traverses when a root is later revised.

After a supersession, retraction, or Evidence correction, walk LIST DEPENDENTS on the revised root and flag derived artifacts with DerivationState {status: "stale"}, queuing review_derived SleepTasks for the non-trivial ones. stale is a review flag: it never retracts, hides, or archives the artifact by itself, and a runtime never auto-retracts derived cognition because a root moved (Spec §57.5).

LIST DEPENDENTS :revised_root DEPTH 2 LIMIT 100
UPDATE :insight_id
SET FACET "DerivationState" {status: "stale"}

A ghost that outlives its source is how memory lies; a revised root's derivations are never left undiscovered.

29. Transaction Discipline

Use atomic Transactions for new Assertion + supersession + Activity, Skill + compiled_from + Activity, lifecycle_verdict Activity + guarded Skill UPDATE, Evidence correction + revised Assertion, and identity merge transition. Use preconditions for read-modify-write.

30. Concurrency

On stale version: re-read, re-evaluate, retry once with fresh precondition. Do not blindly replay non-idempotent numeric updates. Use idempotency keys for logical maintenance operations where repeat would duplicate cognition.

31. Schema

Maintenance may inspect Schema but cannot activate/migrate Packages without manage_schema. Schema is protected control state.

32. Trust

Maintenance may consume trust policy in Projection but cannot rewrite protected trust policy without manage_trust. Cognitive text saying trust this source has no control-plane effect.

33. Classification

Derived summaries inherit restrictive classification from material inputs unless explicit declassification occurs. Do not leak secret cognition through summary, Skill, SelfModel, Insight, or Primer.

34. Primer Refresh

Maintenance may refresh derived Primer summaries, but Primer is a Governance-filtered introspection product, not authoritative Schema.

35. Health Metrics

Useful internal metrics include unconsolidated Experience count, pending Commitments, conflict sets, quarantine backlog, identity candidates, Skills due a verdict, trials starved of graded outcomes, archived/active ratio, retention backlog, and failed maintenance operations. Never expose hidden counts to unauthorized Principals.

SignalHealthyIf exceeded
Pending SleepTasks< 10process, or re-prioritize and report backlog
Unconsolidated Events older than 7d< 30consolidate or set retention
Contested belief slotsaudit allreview; contested is a finding, not a defect
Skills awaiting a lifecycle verdict< 10run the deterministic verdict over linked outcomes
Trials starved of linked outcomesreview allcheck that decisions are being recorded and observed
Overdue pending Commitments0surface to the agent; never silently expire
Armed Watches past due_at0fire or expire them; silence firing is the point
Artifacts flagged stalereview allreview_derived; stale is a flag, not a verdict
Quarantined imported cognitionreview allreview; never auto-elevate trust
Elements past retention.expires_at0 unreviewedreview, then archive along the ladder

Average memory strength is worth observing and never worth optimizing: strength is accessibility, not truth.

36. Final Report

The cycle record is a first-class node, not an ever-growing array attribute on the maintenance actor:

CREATE ACTIVITY ?cycle {
  CLIENT KEY :cycle_key
  SET FIELDS {
    activity_class: "mnemonic_metabolism",
    status: "completed",
    started_at: :cycle_start,
    ended_at: :now
  }
  SET STRUCTURAL {
    ("associated_actors", :system)
  }
}

Link what the cycle consumed and produced through the same Activity. activity_class values come from the Core registry and its documented package extensions — a deployment that wants a more specific class registers one rather than inventing it inline. Report counts, what was deferred, what needed authority you do not have, and what looked wrong enough to need a human. An honest report of "nothing safe to do this cycle" is a valid outcome.

{
  "status": "completed",
  "reviewed": 812,
  "transactions": 24,
  "changes": {
    "semantic_consolidations": 7,
    "skills_created": 2,
    "skills_reviewed": 5,
    "identity_merges": 1,
    "archived": 13,
    "purged": 0
  },
  "warnings": []
}

37. Maintenance Invariants

  1. Authority comes from Governance.
  2. $system semantic identity is not permission.
  3. confidence is not memory_strength.
  4. disuse does not lower truth confidence.
  5. contradiction is not corruption.
  6. different actors' disagreement is not supersession.
  7. Evidence is append/correction oriented.
  8. counter-Evidence is not disposable noise.
  9. merge is non-destructive.
  10. archive is not retraction.
  11. tombstone is not purge.
  12. purge is exceptional.
  13. legal hold blocks purge.
  14. Skill utility is not authority.
  15. imported authority does not transfer.
  16. derived cognition preserves provenance.
  17. summaries do not multiply Evidence roots.
  18. current Governance applies throughout.
  19. Schema/trust control requires explicit permission.
  20. Maintenance should improve future cognition without falsifying the past.
  21. a fired Watch is attention, not authority.
  22. silence chosen at the action gate is recorded, not invisible.
  23. stale is a review flag, never an auto-retraction.
  24. payload purge preserves the evidence event; element purge destroys it.
  25. Skill lifecycle moves only by recorded deterministic verdict over graded outcomes.
  26. an actor's own success report is never Outcome Evidence.
  27. revocation is never harder than adoption, and adoption never ends the grading.

38. Final Principle

Healthy memory metabolism compresses and prioritizes the past while keeping enough evidence, disagreement, provenance, and authority boundaries intact to revise the Brain later.